The effect of various feedstock alkyl esters on fuel lubrication and properties

IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI:10.1016/j.clet.2025.100942

Anupap Pumpuang , Niti Klinkaew , Kimhuoy Yoeng , Liza Hin , Atthaphon Maneedaeng , Ekarong Sukjit

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Abstract

This study examined how different feedstocks and alcohol types affect biodiesel properties and lubrication performance. Five feedstocks (palm, sunflower, rice bran, pork lard, and rapeseed) were transesterified using methanol and ethanol, followed by comprehensive analysis of their properties and lubricity characteristics according to ASTM standards and ISO 12156–1. Gas chromatography revealed distinct fatty acid profiles across feedstocks, with unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 53.4 % to 91.1 %. Ethyl esters demonstrated 5.47–16.65 % higher kinematic viscosity but improved lubrication properties compared to methyl esters, showing up to 13.9 % smaller wear scar diameters and 4–25 % shallower wear depths in high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) tests. Notably, biodiesels from feedstocks with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content, particularly sunflower (58.7 %), exhibited superior lubricity with wear scar diameters of 150–156.5 μm. While ethyl esters showed better lubrication, methyl esters demonstrated 0.42–0.80 % higher density and 1.92–5.88 % higher heating values. Surface analysis at 3000x and 10000x magnification revealed similar wear patterns across all biodiesel samples, suggesting that ester type has minimal impact on metallic structure formation.

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不同原料烷基酯对燃料润滑及性能的影响

本研究考察了不同原料和酒精类型对生物柴油性能和润滑性能的影响。采用甲醇和乙醇对棕榈、向日葵、米糠、猪油和油菜籽五种原料进行酯交换，并根据ASTM标准和ISO 12156-1标准对其性能和润滑特性进行综合分析。气相色谱法揭示了不同原料的不同脂肪酸谱，不饱和脂肪酸的范围从53.4%到91.1%。与甲酯相比，乙酯的运动粘度高5.47 - 16.65%，但润滑性能有所改善，在高频往复钻机（HFRR）测试中，乙酯的磨损疤痕直径缩小了13.9%，磨损深度减少了4 - 25%。值得注意的是，来自多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的原料的生物柴油，特别是向日葵（58.7%），具有较好的润滑性，磨损疤痕直径为150-156.5 μm。乙酯类润滑性较好，甲酯类润滑性高0.42 ~ 0.80%，热值高1.92 ~ 5.88%。在3000倍和10000倍的放大下进行表面分析，发现所有生物柴油样品的磨损模式相似，这表明酯类型对金属结构形成的影响最小。

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