Flexible tetra-carboxyphenyl porphyrin thin films for optoelectronic devices: Structural, optical and electrical characteristics

IF 3.8 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Optical Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI:10.1016/j.optmat.2025.116976

Fatma Gami , M.A. Sebak , M.A.A. Alzara , Huda G. Alharbi , Sahar Elnobi , Amr Attia Abuelwafa

{"title":"Flexible tetra-carboxyphenyl porphyrin thin films for optoelectronic devices: Structural, optical and electrical characteristics","authors":"Fatma Gami , M.A. Sebak , M.A.A. Alzara , Huda G. Alharbi , Sahar Elnobi , Amr Attia Abuelwafa","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.116976","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electronic devices based on flexible plastic substrates have much attention in the electronics future. A comprehensive analysis was performed to investigate the impact of thickness on vacuum-thermally produced tetra-carboxyphenyl porphyrin (TCPP) thin films on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern demonstrated that the thin films had an amorphous structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were exposed, and average roughness (Ra), increased with layer thickness from 2.72 to 4.95 nm. Characteristic vibrations of intermolecular bonds in TCPP were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Optical characterization studies indicated that the thin films exhibited an indirect allowed transition, as determined by the optical band gap (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>). Furthermore, it was observed that the values of <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>t</mi><mspace></mspace></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> was decreased from 2.67 to 2.44 eV as the thickness of the thin films increase from 90 nm to 320 nm. The dispersion parameters at normal dispersion were calculated as a function of film thickness. The calculated third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ <sup>(3)</sup> and nonlinear refractive index n<sub>2</sub> were found to be in the order of ∼10<sup>−10</sup> and∼10<sup>−9</sup> esu, respectively within the photon energy range of 0.5–4 eV. The photoresponse of Au/TCPP/ITO/PET diodes was evaluated under varying illumination conditions, revealing a photoresponsivity of 3.58 A/W, specific detectivity (D∗) of 3.02 × 10<sup>10</sup> Jones, photosensitivity (PS) of 81.63 %, linear dynamic range (LDR) of 5.12 dB and external quantum efficiency of 8.05 % at -1V and 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. Finally, the conduction mechanism of the Au/TCPP/ITO/PET diode was investigated under forward bias voltage conditions. These findings highlight the potential of TCPP/ITO/PET thin films for flexible optoelectronic applications, particularly in nonlinear optical devices and photodiodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 116976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Optical Materials","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925346725003362","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Electronic devices based on flexible plastic substrates have much attention in the electronics future. A comprehensive analysis was performed to investigate the impact of thickness on vacuum-thermally produced tetra-carboxyphenyl porphyrin (TCPP) thin films on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern demonstrated that the thin films had an amorphous structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were exposed, and average roughness (Ra), increased with layer thickness from 2.72 to 4.95 nm. Characteristic vibrations of intermolecular bonds in TCPP were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Optical characterization studies indicated that the thin films exhibited an indirect allowed transition, as determined by the optical band gap (

E_{g}^{O p t}

). Furthermore, it was observed that the values of

E_{g}^{O p t}

was decreased from 2.67 to 2.44 eV as the thickness of the thin films increase from 90 nm to 320 nm. The dispersion parameters at normal dispersion were calculated as a function of film thickness. The calculated third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ ⁽³⁾ and nonlinear refractive index n₂ were found to be in the order of ∼10⁻¹⁰ and∼10⁻⁹ esu, respectively within the photon energy range of 0.5–4 eV. The photoresponse of Au/TCPP/ITO/PET diodes was evaluated under varying illumination conditions, revealing a photoresponsivity of 3.58 A/W, specific detectivity (D∗) of 3.02 × 10¹⁰ Jones, photosensitivity (PS) of 81.63 %, linear dynamic range (LDR) of 5.12 dB and external quantum efficiency of 8.05 % at -1V and 100 mW/cm². Finally, the conduction mechanism of the Au/TCPP/ITO/PET diode was investigated under forward bias voltage conditions. These findings highlight the potential of TCPP/ITO/PET thin films for flexible optoelectronic applications, particularly in nonlinear optical devices and photodiodes.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

光电器件用柔性四羧基苯基卟啉薄膜：结构、光学和电学特性

基于柔性塑料基板的电子器件是未来电子学研究的热点。研究了厚度对在柔性氧化铟锡(ITO)/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）衬底上真空热法制备四羧基苯基卟啉（TCPP）薄膜的影响。x射线衍射（XRD）表明薄膜具有非晶结构。原子力显微镜（AFM）图像显示，平均粗糙度（Ra）随层厚从2.72 nm增加到4.95 nm。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）证实了TCPP分子间键的振动特征。光学表征研究表明，薄膜表现出间接的允许跃迁，由光学带隙（EgOpt）决定。此外，当薄膜厚度从90 nm增加到320 nm时，EgOpt值从2.67 eV降低到2.44 eV。计算了正常色散时的色散参数与薄膜厚度的关系。在光子能量0.5 ~ 4 eV范围内，计算得到的三阶非线性磁化率χ(3)和非线性折射率n2分别为~ 10−10和~ 10−9 esu。对Au/TCPP/ITO/PET二极管在不同光照条件下的光响应进行了评价，结果表明，在-1V和100 mW/cm2下，Au/TCPP/ITO/PET二极管的光响应率为3.58 a /W，比探测率（D∗）为3.02 × 1010 Jones，光敏度（PS）为81.63%，线性动态范围（LDR）为5.12 dB，外量子效率为8.05%。最后，研究了Au/TCPP/ITO/PET二极管在正向偏置电压条件下的导电机理。这些发现突出了TCPP/ITO/PET薄膜在柔性光电应用方面的潜力，特别是在非线性光学器件和光电二极管方面。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Optical Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

6.60

自引率

12.80%

发文量

1265

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Optical Materials has an open access mirror journal Optical Materials: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. The purpose of Optical Materials is to provide a means of communication and technology transfer between researchers who are interested in materials for potential device applications. The journal publishes original papers and review articles on the design, synthesis, characterisation and applications of optical materials. OPTICAL MATERIALS focuses on: • Optical Properties of Material Systems; • The Materials Aspects of Optical Phenomena; • The Materials Aspects of Devices and Applications. Authors can submit separate research elements describing their data to Data in Brief and methods to Methods X.