A conceptual design of a micro-propulsion device based on alpha particles

Abstract

Nuclear Power Sources (NPS) have become a vital propulsion technology for various space missions, such as those in Earth orbit and on lunar and planetary surfaces. Their key features include long lifespan, autonomy, and high energy density. Alpha particle micro-propulsion, a combination of NPS and micro-propulsion, leverages the recoil from alpha decay for thrust, offering high energy density and specific impulse with a straightforward and controllable design. This technology is ideal for missions demanding precision and longevity, such as scientific exploration and satellite navigation. Previous studies have calculated the thrust generated by Pu-238 and Po-210, but have not addressed the temperature distribution across the thin films and substrates, nor have they compared the comprehensive performance of different nuclides. This research investigates the performance of different alpha-decaying films like Pu-238, Am-241 and Po-210 on various substrates such as graphene, polyethylene, and so on, focusing on thrust, energy deposition, and heat transfer, with CERN's Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation, and also employs ANSYS's Fluent program and a simplified uniform temperature model to calculate the temperature distribution of the films and substrates. Results indicate that thinner films correspond to lower temperatures, higher escape rates, and an increased specific impulse, with film shape having no impact on thrust. Notably, the Pu-238 decay sail could reduce the travel time for a 401-au journey from 111.9 years to 96.3 years. The simplicity, high specific impulse, and modular construction of alpha particle micro-propulsion devices make them well-suited for precise, long-duration missions. Future research will explore thrust-atmospheric drag equilibrium for low Earth orbit satellites.