Flight behaviour and short-distance homing by nomadic grey-headed flying-foxes: a pilot study.

Abstract

Background: The ability to navigate is crucial to the survival of many flying animals. Though relatively much less is known about the navigational abilities of bats versus birds, recent progress has been made in understanding the navigational abilities of cave roosting bats, but little is known about those of arboreal roosting flying-foxes, despite their extreme mobility.

Methods: We use extremely high spatiotemporal resolution GPS tracking to examine the flight behaviour of 11 grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) displaced 16.8 km from their roost. We examined flight metrics of the resulting high-resolution traces to understand whether the displaced animals were aware their location with respect to the roost of capture. We use 7 grey-headed flying-foxes tracked from the roost of capture-as part of a separate, concurrent study-to aid in this comparison.

Results: Ten of 11 displaced individuals were detected at the roost of capture within four days of release, but all displaced individuals roosted for at least one night away from the roost of capture. Six individuals returned 'home' the next day, and four roosted away from 'home' for ≥ one further night. Prior to their return 'home', displaced individuals on average flew 2.7 times further and stopped 1.7 more times than reference individuals or displaced animals that had already returned 'home'. This indicates that displaced individuals expended more effort each night than non-displaced individuals. This suggests that these individuals were attempting to return 'home', rather than choosing not to return due to a lack of motivation to home. Flight segments of displaced individuals were higher, less straight, and less likely to be oriented. Flight segments that ended in a point that an individual had previously visited were faster, higher, and straighter than those not known to end in a point previously visited.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that approximately half of the displaced animals were aware of where they were with respect to 'home' the night after release, whereas other individuals took at least a further night to orient themselves. While our results are consistent with previous work suggesting that non-echolocating bats may use a large-scale navigational map based on vision, sensory manipulations would be needed to confirm this.