{"title":"A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach.","authors":"Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles, Augusto Gil Pascoal","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010097","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. <b>Objectives</b>: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external resistance conditions. <b>Methods</b>: The three-dimensional shoulder and trunk kinematics of 19 male participants were captured at 15-degree intervals, from 30 to 120 degrees, during the overhead squat movement and analyzed by phase. <b>Results</b>: Scapular posterior tilt was significantly affected by resistance during the UNLOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.005, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.26). Significant resistance-by-arm elevation interactions were found for scapular upward rotation during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.19) and UNLOAD phase <i>(p <</i> 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.24); for scapular internal rotation during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> < 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.37) and UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.19); and for scapular posterior tilt during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.26) and the UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.21). Trunk flexion/extension showed a significant effect on resistance during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.008, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.24). <b>Conclusions</b>: Increasing resistance through elastic resistance significantly improves scapular kinematics via the trunk during arm elevation. This underscores the potential of the overhead squat movement as a valuable tool for assessing and treating scapular and trunk dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943263/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010097","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. Objectives: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external resistance conditions. Methods: The three-dimensional shoulder and trunk kinematics of 19 male participants were captured at 15-degree intervals, from 30 to 120 degrees, during the overhead squat movement and analyzed by phase. Results: Scapular posterior tilt was significantly affected by resistance during the UNLOAD phase (p = 0.005, η2ₚ = 0.26). Significant resistance-by-arm elevation interactions were found for scapular upward rotation during the LOAD phase (p = 0.003, η2ₚ = 0.19) and UNLOAD phase (p < 0.001, η2ₚ = 0.24); for scapular internal rotation during both the LOAD (p < 0.001, η2ₚ = 0.37) and UNLOAD phases (p = 0.006, η2 = 0.19); and for scapular posterior tilt during both the LOAD (p = 0.003, η2ₚ = 0.26) and the UNLOAD phases (p = 0.006, η2ₚ = 0.21). Trunk flexion/extension showed a significant effect on resistance during the LOAD phase (p = 0.008, η2ₚ = 0.24). Conclusions: Increasing resistance through elastic resistance significantly improves scapular kinematics via the trunk during arm elevation. This underscores the potential of the overhead squat movement as a valuable tool for assessing and treating scapular and trunk dysfunction.