Protection and waning of vaccine-induced, natural and hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong.

IF 5.5 3区医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY

Expert Review of Vaccines Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-30 DOI:10.1080/14760584.2025.2485252

Jialiang Jiang, Kwok Fai Lam, Eric Ho Yin Lau, Guosheng Yin, Yun Lin, Benjamin John Cowling

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Abstract

Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic transitions into its fourth year, understanding the dynamics of immunity is critical for implementing effective public health measures. This study examines vaccine-induced, natural, and hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong, focusing on their protective effectiveness and waning characteristics against infection during the Omicron BA.1/2 dominant period.

Research design and methods: We conducted a territory-wide retrospective cohort study using vaccination and infection records from the Hong Kong Department of Health. The analysis included over 6.5 million adults, applying the Andersen-Gill model to estimate protective effectiveness while addressing selection bias through inverse probability weighting.

Results: Vaccine-induced immunity peaked one month after the first dose but waned rapidly, while boosters significantly prolonged protection. Infection-induced immunity showed higher initial effectiveness but declined faster than vaccine-induced immunity. Hybrid immunity provided the most durable protection. mRNA vaccines (Comirnaty) demonstrated greater effectiveness and slower waning compared to inactivated vaccines (CoronaVac).

Conclusions: Hybrid immunity represents the most effective strategy for sustained protection against SARS-CoV-2. Public health policies should emphasize booster campaigns and hybrid immunity pathways to enhance population-level immunity and guide future COVID-19 management in Hong Kong.

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香港SARS-CoV-2疫苗诱导、自然和混合免疫的保护和减弱。

背景：随着COVID-19大流行进入第四个年头，了解免疫动态对于实施有效的公共卫生措施至关重要。本研究考察了香港人对SARS-CoV-2的疫苗诱导免疫、天然免疫和混合免疫，重点研究了它们在Omicron BA.1/2优势期对感染的保护效力和减弱特征。研究设计和方法：我们利用香港卫生署的疫苗接种和感染记录进行了一项全港性回顾性队列研究。该分析包括超过650万成年人，应用安德森-吉尔模型来估计保护效果，同时通过逆概率加权来解决选择偏差。结果：疫苗诱导的免疫在第一次接种后一个月达到顶峰，但迅速减弱，而增强剂显著延长了保护时间。感染诱导免疫表现出较高的初始有效性，但下降速度快于疫苗诱导免疫。混合免疫提供了最持久的保护。与灭活疫苗（CoronaVac）相比，mRNA疫苗（Comirnaty）显示出更大的有效性和更慢的衰减速度。结论：混合免疫是对SARS-CoV-2持续保护的最有效策略。公共卫生政策应强调强化运动和混合免疫途径，以提高人群层面的免疫力，并指导香港未来的COVID-19管理。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Expert Review of Vaccines 医学-免疫学

CiteScore

9.10

自引率

3.20%

发文量

136

审稿时长

4-8 weeks

期刊介绍： Expert Review of Vaccines (ISSN 1476-0584) provides expert commentary on the development, application, and clinical effectiveness of new vaccines. Coverage includes vaccine technology, vaccine adjuvants, prophylactic vaccines, therapeutic vaccines, AIDS vaccines and vaccines for defence against bioterrorism. All articles are subject to rigorous peer-review. The vaccine field has been transformed by recent technological advances, but there remain many challenges in the delivery of cost-effective, safe vaccines. Expert Review of Vaccines facilitates decision making to drive forward this exciting field.