{"title":"Integrated technologies for molecular profiling of genetic and modified biomarkers in extracellular vesicles.","authors":"Li Zhang, Chi Yan Wong, Huilin Shao","doi":"10.1039/d5lc00053j","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles actively released by cells into a variety of biofluids. EVs carry myriad molecular cargoes; these include classical genetic biomarkers inherited from the parent cells as well as EV modifications by other entities (<i>e.g.</i>, small molecule drugs). Aided by these diverse cargoes, EVs enable long-distance intercellular communication and have been directly implicated in various disease pathologies. As such, EVs are being increasingly recognized as a source of valuable biomarkers for minimally-invasive disease diagnostics and prognostics. Despite the clinical potential, EV molecular profiling remains challenging, especially in clinical settings. Due to the nanoscale dimension of EVs as well as the abundance of contaminants in biofluids, conventional EV detection methods have limited resolution, require extensive sample processing and can lose rare biomarkers. To address these challenges, new micro- and nanotechnologies have been developed to discover EV biomarkers and empower clinical applications. In this review, we introduce EV biogenesis for different cargo incorporation, and discuss the use of various EV biomarkers for clinical applications. We also assess different chip-based integrated technologies developed to measure genetic and modified biomarkers in EVs. Finally, we highlight future opportunities in technology development to facilitate the clinical translation of various EV biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":85,"journal":{"name":"Lab on a Chip","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Lab on a Chip","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5lc00053j","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles actively released by cells into a variety of biofluids. EVs carry myriad molecular cargoes; these include classical genetic biomarkers inherited from the parent cells as well as EV modifications by other entities (e.g., small molecule drugs). Aided by these diverse cargoes, EVs enable long-distance intercellular communication and have been directly implicated in various disease pathologies. As such, EVs are being increasingly recognized as a source of valuable biomarkers for minimally-invasive disease diagnostics and prognostics. Despite the clinical potential, EV molecular profiling remains challenging, especially in clinical settings. Due to the nanoscale dimension of EVs as well as the abundance of contaminants in biofluids, conventional EV detection methods have limited resolution, require extensive sample processing and can lose rare biomarkers. To address these challenges, new micro- and nanotechnologies have been developed to discover EV biomarkers and empower clinical applications. In this review, we introduce EV biogenesis for different cargo incorporation, and discuss the use of various EV biomarkers for clinical applications. We also assess different chip-based integrated technologies developed to measure genetic and modified biomarkers in EVs. Finally, we highlight future opportunities in technology development to facilitate the clinical translation of various EV biomarkers.
期刊介绍:
Lab on a Chip is the premiere journal that publishes cutting-edge research in the field of miniaturization. By their very nature, microfluidic/nanofluidic/miniaturized systems are at the intersection of disciplines, spanning fundamental research to high-end application, which is reflected by the broad readership of the journal. Lab on a Chip publishes two types of papers on original research: full-length research papers and communications. Papers should demonstrate innovations, which can come from technical advancements or applications addressing pressing needs in globally important areas. The journal also publishes Comments, Reviews, and Perspectives.