Hydroxyapatite-based composites as efficient sorbents: Fabrication and application in sample preparation techniques

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and its composites, especially in nano-scale forms, have garnered significant interest among researchers owing to their remarkable characteristics. These features include a flexible pore structure, substantial specific surface area, high porosity, robust stability, and alterable surface properties. Recently, HAP and its composites extensively utilized in various interdisciplinary fields such as environmental science, biomedical, and materials science. In this way, novel sample preparation methods based on nano-HAP (n-HAP) have been developed. This article provides an overview of the different synthesis methods of the n-HAP materials, the commonly used techniques for their characterization, the types and properties of their nanocomposites, green and sustainability aspects of them, and their applications in sample preparation techniques including; Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (DSPE), Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction (MSPE), Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), Needle Trap Devices (NTDs), and Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS). This review covers published documents since 2000 in the field of HAP-based adsorbents for sample preparation techniques. Additionally, the article discusses future prospects for these procedures.