Sustainable lithium production from sedimentary rock deposits: Carbon reduction and EV synergies

Abstract

Amidst the surging global demand for lithium, essential for the transition to cleaner energy systems, the environmental impacts of its extraction have raised significant concerns. This study analyzes the environmental implications of lithium extraction from sedimentary rock deposits (claystone) compared to brine and hard rock resources using life cycle assessment. Results show that lithium production from sedimentary deposits emits 22.6 tons of CO₂eq per ton of lithium carbonate, with 65 % from carbonate mineral decomposition during leaching. To mitigate this, on-site sulfuric acid production and electricity generation from its heating process could reduce emissions to 18.2 tons. The study assesses lithium sourcing in the EV value chain, evaluating CO₂eq emissions for 1 kWh of NMC622 and LFP batteries. Findings show sustainable lithium sources can significantly reduce battery manufacturing's environmental impact.