Sustainable Hydrogels from Okra Stem Waste for Biosignal Detection and Sensor Technologies

Emine Dilara Kocak*, Cagatay Gumus, Kadir Ozlem, Alessandra Operamolla, Giada Dammacco, Filippo Pagliai, Nursema Pala and Ozgur Atalay, 
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Abstract

Recent advancements in wearable technology have driven the need for flexible and biocompatible materials that can seamlessly interface with soft, water-rich biological tissues. Traditional petroleum-based polymers often lack compatibility with conductive materials, limiting their use in bioelectronics. In contrast, hydrogels, with their softness, flexibility, and mechanical similarity to biological tissues, offer a promising alternative due to their ecological benefits and adaptability. Here, we present the development of sustainable hydrogels derived from okra stem mucilage, a renewable agricultural waste, to address challenges in bioelectronics. By integrating gelatin for improved adhesion and succinic acid as a crosslinking agent, we achieved significant enhancements in the hydrogels’ mechanical, electrical, and antibacterial properties. The inclusion of 10% succinic acid increased tensile strength by 95% and Young’s modulus by 93%, while electrical conductivity rose from 0.6 S/m to 1.8 S/m. The hydrogels demonstrated robust adhesion to diverse substrates, including glass, pigskin, and paper, with the highest adhesion strength of 57.3 kPa recorded on paper. Capacitive sensors fabricated using these hydrogels exhibited a maximum relative capacitance change of 1.42 under mechanical strain, and their application as ECG electrodes provided signals comparable to commercial alternatives. These findings establish okra-gum-based hydrogels as a promising platform for sustainable, high-performance materials in wearable bioelectronics, including smart health monitoring and human-computer interaction systems.

Abstract Image

用于生物信号检测和传感器技术的秋葵茎废弃物可持续水凝胶
最近可穿戴技术的进步推动了对柔性和生物相容性材料的需求,这些材料可以与柔软、富含水的生物组织无缝连接。传统的石油基聚合物通常缺乏与导电材料的兼容性,限制了它们在生物电子学中的应用。相比之下,水凝胶由于其柔软、柔韧性和与生物组织的机械相似性,由于其生态效益和适应性,提供了一个有希望的替代方案。在这里,我们介绍了从秋葵茎粘液(一种可再生的农业废弃物)中提取的可持续水凝胶的开发,以解决生物电子学方面的挑战。通过将明胶和琥珀酸作为交联剂结合,我们显著提高了水凝胶的机械、电学和抗菌性能。加入10%琥珀酸后,拉伸强度提高95%,杨氏模量提高93%,电导率从0.6 S/m提高到1.8 S/m。水凝胶对各种基质(包括玻璃、猪皮和纸张)具有良好的粘附性,在纸张上记录的最高粘附强度为57.3 kPa。使用这些水凝胶制作的电容传感器在机械应变下的最大相对电容变化为1.42,并且它们作为ECG电极的应用提供了与商业替代品相当的信号。这些发现使秋葵基水凝胶成为可穿戴生物电子学中可持续、高性能材料的有前途的平台,包括智能健康监测和人机交互系统。
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