Adaptive Ultra-Low Resilience Woven Triboelectric Nanogenerators for High-Performance Wearable Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing

Abstract

As electronic devices become increasingly compact and functional, the demand for renewable energy sources and self-powered systems has risen dramatically. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide a sustainable energy solution, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. This study introduces an advanced woven double-cloth triboelectric nanogenerator (WDC-TENG) for energy harvesting and sensing applications. Composed of BaTiO₃-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and copper-nickel alloy fabric (CNF), the WDC-TENG features a double-cloth woven structure that minimizes deformation during the contact-separation process, making it ideal for compact applications such as insoles. Its modular design allows each weft yarn to function as an independent energy-generating unit, which can operate individually or in combination, significantly enhancing flexibility and scalability. The WDC-TENG achieves a high-power density of 15 W m², generating a current output of 0.7 mA. Furthermore, its structure ensures excellent mechanical durability, enabling long-term wearing. Beyond energy harvesting, the WDC-TENG exhibits multifunctionality in reliably powering microelectronic devices as insole, while as carpets, it not only harvests energy from foot but also acts as a sensor for real-time wireless monitoring of pedestrian density and walking paths. The WDC-TENG's low deformation, durability, and versatility position it as a promising solution for advancing wearable technology and intelligent environments.