Exposure and coexposure to cocaine and benzoylecgonine at environmentally relevant levels cause long-term oxidative effects in zebrafish

IF 7.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126131

Gabriel de Farias Araujo , Lorena Oliveira Souza Soares , Thais Braga Gomes , Sidney Fernandes Sales Júnior , Vanessa Farelo dos Santos , Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira , Fábio Veríssimo Correia , Enrico Mendes Saggioro

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BE), have been detected in water bodies worldwide and may have unknown biota effects. This is especially true considering chronic effects at environmentally relevant concentrations (μg and ng L⁻¹ range) on the Danio rerio (zebrafish) model. In this sense, this study exposed adult zebrafish for 21 days to COC (10–1000 ng L⁻¹), BE (10–1000 ng L⁻¹) and mixtures (COC 10 + BE 1000 ng L⁻¹ and COC 1000 + BE 10 ng L⁻¹) and evaluated antioxidant and oxidative effect biomarkers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total thiols (TOT), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonylation (PC) were determined in the brains and livers of exposed fish at 7, 14 and 21 days. Antioxidant biomarker modulations were observed in exposed fish, noted by increased SOD activity and TOT levels at 7 days in both organs. Increased SOD and GST activities and TOT levels were observed in the brain at 21 days, while the same induction was observed in the liver for CAT, GST and TOT. Greater oxidative effects were observed in the brain, with increased MDA and PC levels observed at 21 days. Oxidative effects in the liver were observed up to 14 days. The findings reveal that COC and BE can cause oxidative damage in aquatic organisms during 21 days of exposures, potentially affecting natural environments and leading to ecological risks, even at environmental concentrations commonly found in surface waters.

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暴露和共同暴露于与环境相关水平的可卡因和苯甲酰茶碱会对斑马鱼造成长期氧化影响

世界各地的水体中都检测到了可卡因（COC）及其主要代谢物苯甲酰可待因（BE），它们可能会对生物群产生未知的影响。考虑到环境相关浓度（微克和纳克 L-1 范围）对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）模型的慢性影响，情况尤其如此。因此，本研究将成年斑马鱼暴露于 COC（10-1000 ng L-1）、BE（10-1000 ng L-1）和混合物（COC 10 + BE 1000 ng L-1 和 COC 1000 + BE 10 ng L-1）中 21 天，并评估了抗氧化和氧化效应生物标志物。分别测定了暴露 7、14 和 21 天的鱼类大脑和肝脏中的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 (GST)、总硫醇 (TOT)、脂质过氧化 (LPO) 和蛋白质羰基化 (PC)。在暴露鱼体内观察到了抗氧化生物标志物的变化，7 天时两个器官中的 SOD 活性和 TOT 水平都有所提高。21 天后，在大脑中观察到 SOD 和 GST 活性以及 TOT 水平的增加，而在肝脏中观察到 CAT、GST 和 TOT 的相同诱导。在大脑中观察到更大的氧化效应，21 天时观察到 MDA 和 PC 含量增加。在肝脏中观察到的氧化作用持续到 14 天。研究结果表明，即使是在地表水中常见的环境浓度下，COC 和 BE 也能在 21 天的接触过程中对水生生物造成氧化损伤，从而可能影响自然环境并导致生态风险。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.