Is the association between working from home and higher frequency of drinking and heavy episodic drinking causal? A longitudinal analysis in the Norwegian workforce.
IF 4.7 2区 医学Q1 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
{"title":"Is the association between working from home and higher frequency of drinking and heavy episodic drinking causal? A longitudinal analysis in the Norwegian workforce.","authors":"Torleif Halkjelsvik, Inger Synnøve Moan","doi":"10.5271/sjweh.4217","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>There have been concerns that the shift to more home-based work might result in increased alcohol consumption due to reduced supervision and increased accessibility of alcohol. Empirical studies indicate associations between working from home and alcohol consumption. We go beyond cross-sectional associations by using longitudinal data and directly inquiring about alcohol consumption while working from home.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on demographics of the Norwegian workforce, participants were recruited from an online research panel (sample sizes N=1257-4294) before (2018-2019), during (2020-2021) and after (2022-2023) pandemic restrictions that encouraged or mandated remote work. Fixed effects regression analyses controlled for stable individual-level characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, employees working from home reported 28% more drinking episodes and 26% more heavy episodic drinking (HED) compared to other employees. However, changes in the frequency of remote workdays were not notably related to the frequency of drinking [B=0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.12-0.16] or HED (B=0.05, 95% CI -0.08-0.19). Furthermore, relative to other employees, employees working from home during the pandemic restrictions in 2020 and 2021 did not increase their drinking or HED frequency from pre-pandemic levels (B= -0.28, 95% CI -0.74-0.18 and B=0.02, 95% CI -0.21-0.24, respectively). Few workers reported weekly alcohol consumption during office hours while working from home (1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The cross-sectional relation between working from home and alcohol consumption found in past studies was replicated, but, using longitudinal data, we demonstrated that employee characteristics confound the relation. Our findings indicate that alcohol consumption during home-based work is unlikely to constitute a significant public health threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":21528,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4217","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives: There have been concerns that the shift to more home-based work might result in increased alcohol consumption due to reduced supervision and increased accessibility of alcohol. Empirical studies indicate associations between working from home and alcohol consumption. We go beyond cross-sectional associations by using longitudinal data and directly inquiring about alcohol consumption while working from home.
Methods: Based on demographics of the Norwegian workforce, participants were recruited from an online research panel (sample sizes N=1257-4294) before (2018-2019), during (2020-2021) and after (2022-2023) pandemic restrictions that encouraged or mandated remote work. Fixed effects regression analyses controlled for stable individual-level characteristics.
Results: On average, employees working from home reported 28% more drinking episodes and 26% more heavy episodic drinking (HED) compared to other employees. However, changes in the frequency of remote workdays were not notably related to the frequency of drinking [B=0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.12-0.16] or HED (B=0.05, 95% CI -0.08-0.19). Furthermore, relative to other employees, employees working from home during the pandemic restrictions in 2020 and 2021 did not increase their drinking or HED frequency from pre-pandemic levels (B= -0.28, 95% CI -0.74-0.18 and B=0.02, 95% CI -0.21-0.24, respectively). Few workers reported weekly alcohol consumption during office hours while working from home (1%).
Conclusions: The cross-sectional relation between working from home and alcohol consumption found in past studies was replicated, but, using longitudinal data, we demonstrated that employee characteristics confound the relation. Our findings indicate that alcohol consumption during home-based work is unlikely to constitute a significant public health threat.
目的:有人担心,由于监督减少和酒精的可获得性增加,更多在家工作的转变可能会导致饮酒量增加。经验研究表明,在家工作与酒精消费之间存在关联。我们使用纵向数据并直接询问在家工作时的饮酒情况,从而超越了横向关联:根据挪威劳动力的人口统计学特征,在鼓励或强制要求远程工作的大流行限制之前(2018-2019年)、期间(2020-2021年)和之后(2022-2023年),从在线研究小组中招募参与者(样本量N=1257-4294)。固定效应回归分析控制了稳定的个人层面特征:与其他员工相比,在家工作的员工平均饮酒次数增加了28%,重度偶发性饮酒(HED)增加了26%。然而,远程工作日频率的变化与饮酒频率[B=0.02,95%置信区间(CI)-0.12-0.16]或HED(B=0.05,95%置信区间-0.08-0.19)并无明显关系。此外,与其他员工相比,2020年和2021年大流行限制期间在家工作的员工的饮酒或HED频率与大流行前相比没有增加(分别为B=-0.28,95% CI -0.74-0.18和B=0.02,95% CI -0.21-0.24)。据报告,每周在家工作期间饮酒的工人很少(1%):结论:过去研究中发现的在家工作与饮酒之间的横截面关系得到了重复,但我们利用纵向数据证明,员工特征会混淆这种关系。我们的研究结果表明,在家工作期间饮酒不太可能对公共健康构成重大威胁。
期刊介绍:
The aim of the Journal is to promote research in the fields of occupational and environmental health and safety and to increase knowledge through the publication of original research articles, systematic reviews, and other information of high interest. Areas of interest include occupational and environmental epidemiology, occupational and environmental medicine, psychosocial factors at work, physical work load, physical activity work-related mental and musculoskeletal problems, aging, work ability and return to work, working hours and health, occupational hygiene and toxicology, work safety and injury epidemiology as well as occupational health services. In addition to observational studies, quasi-experimental and intervention studies are welcome as well as methodological papers, occupational cohort profiles, and studies associated with economic evaluation. The Journal also publishes short communications, case reports, commentaries, discussion papers, clinical questions, consensus reports, meeting reports, other reports, book reviews, news, and announcements (jobs, courses, events etc).