Synthesis of 4-propyl phenol from bio-based eugenol via hydrogenation and demethoxylation using novel Ni–Co/Al-SBA-15 catalysts

Abstract

Fuels and energy produced from biomass are viable options for cutting carbon footprints and lessening environmental effects. One important phenolic molecule that may be extracted from lignocellulosic biomass is eugenol, which has a variety of industrial uses and can be used as a precursor to bio-based Industrial important compounds. This work investigates the utilization of a unique Ni–Co/Al-SBA-15 heterogeneous catalyst to convert eugenol into 4-propylphenol, a multifunctional chemical with use as an antioxidant, flavouring agent, and disinfectant. With 93% yield of 4-propylphenol, the catalyst demonstrated an astounding 100% conversion rate in an isopropanol medium when operated at optimal conditions of 230°C and 30 bar of pressure. Using a variety of characterization techniques, the catalyst activity, selectivity and stability were carefully evaluated, and reaction conditions were adjusted for the best outcomes. The activation energy was ascertained using a kinetic model and the reaction mechanism proposed. The catalyst durability and reusability emphasize its economic viability and fits into the principles of green chemistry that emphasize its environmental sustainability. The results of this study address the need for renewable energy sources with low environmental impact worldwide and progress in the development of cleaner, more effective methods of utilizing biomass as feedstock for chemicals, fuels and materials.

Graphical abstract

Selective conversion of eugenol to 4-propyl phenol using 5 wt% Ni–Co/Al-SBA-15 catalyst is reported here. Derived from non-edible biomass lignin, this green process yields fragrance and flavoring agents. It is a clean and green process, utilizing a robust reusable catalyst achieving high selectivity and yield.