Advances in green synthesis and application of nanoparticles from crop residues: A comprehensive review

IF 2.7 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

Scientific African Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI:10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02654

Olawale F. Olaniyan , Chinenye Agnes Ariwaodo , Sulyman Olalekan Ibrahim , Olubunmi Atolani , Learnmore Kambizi

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Abstract

Despite their vast abundance in million tonnes, crop residues remain underutilized, emphasizing the need to explore sustainable valorisation strategies to maximize their potential. This review comprehensively evaluates the green synthesis and application of nanoparticles from crop residues such as leaves, husk, hull, straw, stalk, seeds, stem, shell, bagasse, and stover, which are recognized for their renewability. Additionally, it explores the relative efficacy of different pretreatment methods for these materials including organosolvents, ultrasound-assisted, biological, cold plasma, and deep eutectic solvents, which were assessed for their potentials to enhance nanoparticle yield, reduce energy consumption, and minimize the use of hazardous chemicals, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The use of green nanotechnology appreciably offers promising avenues to optimize conversion of crop residues into high-value nanomaterials. Further, application of crop residue-derived nanoparticles (CRNs) are vast spanning sectors such as agriculture, where they can improve crop yield, animal feed, and soil health; biomedicine, offering advanced drug delivery systems; environmental remediation, providing efficient pollutant removal; and catalysis, enhancing reaction efficiencies, to mention a few. While CRNs hold many considerable potentials, challenges such as heterogeneity of crop residue composition, prolonged extraction times, scalability of production processes, toxicity, high cost, size adjustment, and variability in nanoparticle characteristics are yet to be fully addressed to ensure consistent quality and performance. There are also still notable gaps in current research concerning their eco-friendly benefits and wider applications. Through continued innovation and collaboration, interdisciplinary research, and standardized protocols, these nanoparticles can play a pivotal role in transitioning towards more sustainable industrial practices. This review emphasizes the critical role of CRNs in promoting a circular economy, ensuring smart waste management system, and supporting global sustainability goals, while inspiring further research on this exciting subject.

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