Green synthesized Pt-based nanoparticles redefining biomedical frontiers: A brief review

Abstract

Platinum-based nanoparticles (PtNPs) have gained significant attention in biomedical research due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high biocompatibility, catalytic activity, and therapeutic potential. However, conventional synthesis methods often involve toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes, raising environmental and biocompatibility concerns. In contrast, green synthesis approaches utilizing plant extracts, microorganisms, and biomolecules offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. This review comprehensively explores recent advancements in the green synthesis of PtNPs, their structural and functional characterization, and their diverse biomedical applications, including drug delivery, cancer therapy, imaging, and biosensing. A comparative evaluation with existing literature reveals that green-synthesized PtNPs exhibit enhanced biocompatibility and reduced cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized counterparts, making them more suitable for clinical applications. Despite these advantages, challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations remain. This review highlights the potential of green chemistry in shaping the future of PtNP-based biomedical technologies and provides insights into overcoming existing limitations for their clinical translation.