Quantitative MRI reveals infrapatellar fat pad changes after running a marathon.

Abstract

Background: Marathon running, while offering health benefits, is associated with a high incidence of knee injuries. The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) plays a critical role in knee joint homeostasis and injury mitigation. This study investigated IFP adaptations to the acute stress of marathon running using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: Fourteen amateur marathon runners (12 male, two female) were prospectively enrolled and underwent 3.0T MRI (GE SIGNA Architect) one week before and after the marathon. Left knee imaging included MAGiC and IDEAL-IQ sequences. MAGiC sequences provide T1, T2, and proton density (PD) maps. IDEAL-IQ sequences yield fat fraction (FF), representing the relative amount of fat within the IFP, and the transverse relaxation rate (R2*) within the IFP. IFP volume and maximum cross-sectional area were quantified. Two experienced radiologists independently analyzed the images using dedicated software. Inter-observer reliability for quantitative MRI measurements was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Paired t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-marathon measurements of T1, T2, FF, R2* values, IFP volume and maximum cross-sectional area. Pearson correlation analysis explored relationships between changes in IFP parameter changes and participant characteristics. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.

Results: Post-marathon, IFP FF significantly increased (p < 0.05), while IFP volume significantly decreased (p < 0.05), T1 and T2 values showed a decreasing trend. IFP appeared morphologically compressed post-marathon. A significant negative correlation was found between FF change and both body weight and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: This study provides novel evidence of robust IFP adaptation to marathon running, characterized by increased FF and potential fluid shifts, suggesting enhanced cushioning and load dissipation. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual biomechanics in understanding IFP function and injury susceptibility. Future research should clarify the clinical implications of these adaptations for runner injury prevention and rehabilitation.