Recent Advances in Catalytic Approaches for Pyrano[2,3-c]Pyrazole Synthesis: Green and Sustainable Perspectives

Abstract

This review provides a detailed look at the methods used to create pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives over the past ten years, with a focus on various catalytic techniques. The review highlights progress in green chemistry, showing how catalysts such as homogeneous, heterogeneous, and nanoparticle types have been used. It also discusses new approaches like microwave-assisted and catalyst-free synthesis. The review evaluates the effectiveness of different catalysts based on reaction efficiency, yield, and sustainability. Furthermore, it explores eco-friendly options like bio-catalysts and ionic liquid catalysts, which offer scalable and environmentally-friendly methods for producing these important compounds. Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles were chosen for their significant potential in pharmaceuticals and industry. The review emphasizes how sustainable catalysts are becoming more important in modern chemistry, particularly due to their reusability and lower environmental impact, making them ideal for industrial applications.