Eosinophils and COVID-19: Insights into immune complexity and vaccine safety

IF 4.6 2区 医学 Q2 ALLERGY
Wided Sahli, Joana Vitte, Benoit Desnues
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Abstract

Background

COVID-19 exhibits a variety of symptoms and may lead to multi-organ failure and death. This clinical complexity is exacerbated by significant immune dysregulation affecting nearly all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Granulocytes, including eosinophils, are affected by SARS-CoV-2.

Objectives

Eosinophil responses remain poorly understood despite early recognition of eosinopenia as a hallmark feature of COVID-19 severity.

Results

The heterogeneous nature of eosinophil responses categorizes them as dual-function cells with contradictory effects. Eosinophil activation can suppress virus-induced inflammation by releasing type 2 cytokines like IL-13 and granular proteins with antiviral action such as eosinophil-derived neurotoxins and eosinophil cationic protein, and also by acting as antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, eosinophil accumulation in the lungs can induce tissue damage triggered by cytokines or hormones like IFN-γ and leptin. Additionally, they can affect adaptive immune functions by interacting with T cells through direct formation of membrane complexes or soluble mediator action. Individuals with allergic disorders who have elevated levels of eosinophils in tissues and blood, such as asthma, do not appear to be at an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 following SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine appears to be associated with complications and eosinophilic infiltrate-induced immunopathogenicity, which can be mitigated by corticosteroid, anti-histamines and anti-IL-5 therapy and avoided by modifying adjuvants or excipients.

Conclusion

This review highlights the importance of eosinophils in COVID-19 and contributes to a better understanding of their role during natural infection and vaccination.

Abstract Image

嗜酸性粒细胞与COVID-19:免疫复杂性和疫苗安全性的见解
COVID-19表现出多种症状,并可能导致多器官衰竭和死亡。这种临床复杂性加剧了显著的免疫失调影响几乎所有细胞的先天和适应性免疫系统。包括嗜酸性粒细胞在内的粒细胞受到SARS-CoV-2的影响。尽管早期认识到嗜酸性粒细胞减少是COVID-19严重程度的标志特征,但对嗜酸性粒细胞反应的了解仍然很少。结果嗜酸性粒细胞反应的异质性将其归类为具有相互矛盾作用的双功能细胞。嗜酸性粒细胞激活可以通过释放2型细胞因子如IL-13和具有抗病毒作用的颗粒蛋白,如嗜酸性粒细胞衍生的神经毒素和嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白,以及作为抗原提呈细胞来抑制病毒诱导的炎症。相反,肺中嗜酸性粒细胞的积累可引起细胞因子或激素如IFN-γ和瘦素引发的组织损伤。此外,它们可以通过直接形成膜复合物或可溶性介质作用与T细胞相互作用,从而影响适应性免疫功能。患有过敏性疾病的个体,如果组织和血液中嗜酸性粒细胞水平升高,如哮喘,在感染SARS-CoV-2后,患严重COVID-19的风险似乎不会增加。然而,SARS-CoV-2疫苗似乎与并发症和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润诱导的免疫致病性有关,这可以通过皮质类固醇、抗组胺药和抗il -5治疗来减轻,并通过修饰佐剂或辅料来避免。结论本综述强调了嗜酸性粒细胞在COVID-19中的重要性,有助于更好地理解其在自然感染和疫苗接种中的作用。
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来源期刊
Clinical and Translational Allergy
Clinical and Translational Allergy Immunology and Microbiology-Immunology
CiteScore
7.50
自引率
4.50%
发文量
117
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: Clinical and Translational Allergy, one of several journals in the portfolio of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, provides a platform for the dissemination of allergy research and reviews, as well as EAACI position papers, task force reports and guidelines, amongst an international scientific audience. Clinical and Translational Allergy accepts clinical and translational research in the following areas and other related topics: asthma, rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, drug hypersensitivity, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic skin diseases, atopic eczema, urticaria, angioedema, venom hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, food allergy, immunotherapy, immune modulators and biologics, animal models of allergic disease, immune mechanisms, or any other topic related to allergic disease.
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