Understanding the silver nanotoxicity: mechanisms, risks, and mitigation strategies

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly recognized for their potential in biomedical and environmental applications such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and drug delivery properties. But their widespread use is a source of concern with regard to toxicity. The primary toxicological effects of AgNPs are due to oxidative stress causing cellular damage, DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The interaction of these AgNPs with cellular membranes generates reactive oxidative species (ROS) and interferes with homeostatic redox balance and induces the apoptotic pathway. AgNPs toxicity is influenced by many factors, including particle size, surface modification and synthesis method. Typically, smaller AgNPs are more toxic; however, surface modifications with biocompatible agents can reduce some of the harmful effects. Possibilities of creating AgNPs with lower toxicities using green synthesis methods through plant extracts and other natural agents are promising. However, while these developments are important, more effort is needed to fully understand how AgNPs exert their toxicity, assess various aspects of their safety and optimize their use for therapeutic or industrial purposes. Environmental impacts and a deeper knowledge of human health risks, in particular, chronic effects, are important future research areas.

Graphical Abstract

Silver nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity