Advances in nanocellulose scaffolds based on foams and aerogels for cell culture: a review

Abstract

Cellulose scaffolds have been widely used for biomedical applications. The character and functionalities of these porous materials are mainly dependent on their porous structure and chemical composition. The possibility of customizing the porous structure of scaffolds, which arises from the manufacturing process used, allows the use of these materials as support to mimic cellular matrix native building blocks and, combined with the introduction of functional groups, it can facilitate the adhesion and cultivation of different types of cells. Obtaining a balance between structural mechanical properties, porous architecture, and chemical composition in scaffolds for cell placement is a key challenge for the development of an optimum porous scaffold. In this sense, this review manuscript presents an approach to the main methods of production and drying techniques of cellulose and nanocellulose scaffolds, as well as possible chemical functionalizations for application in biomaterials, mainly as 3D cell culture. Moreover, a revision of the state of the art for cellulose and nanocellulose-based porous materials (aerogels and foams) for cell culture in recent years has been included in the manuscript.