Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru

IF 2.7 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine: X Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI:10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100631

Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto , Hugo Arroyo-Hernández

{"title":"Mid- and long-term mortality risk factors after COVID-19 hospitalization: A retrospective observational study in Peru","authors":"Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto , Hugo Arroyo-Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100631","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term mortality risk in COVID-19 survivors. However, the risk factors for mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization in the Peruvian population are unknown. We evaluated risk factors associated with mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective observational study in survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection discharged from hospital during 2020–2023, using open data from the Ministerio de Salud, Peru. The main outcome measures were mortality among all survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection at mid-term (61 to 364 days after hospital discharge) and long-term (≥1 year after hospital discharge).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 97,249 COVID-19 survivors who were discharged from hospital, 523 patients died within 61 to 364 days of discharge and 219 patients died after 1 year or more since they were discharged. The older age (adjusted ratio hazards [aHR], 3.46; 95 % CI, 2.87–4.17; <em>p</em> < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 3.48; 95 % CI, 2.63–4.61; <em>p</em> < 0.001 to long-term), oxygen support (aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.30–2.07; <em>p</em> < 0.001 to mid-term), and the hospitalization stay of 4 to 9 days (aHR, 1.54; 95 % CI, 1.18–2.00; <em>p</em> = 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.04–2.58; <em>p</em> = 0.034 to long-term) and ≥ 10 days (aHR, 2.44; 95 % CI, 1.89–3.17; <em>p</em> < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 2.98; 95 % CI, 1.89–4.68; <em>p</em> < 0.001 to long-term) were associated with increased mortality risk. Compared with the unvaccinated, administration of 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine before or after hospitalization was associated with a reduced risk of death in the mid- and/or long-term.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although older age and longer hospital stay were associated with an increased risk of death after COVID-19 hospitalization in the mid- and long-term, and oxygen support increased the risk of death in the mid-term, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 reduced the risk of death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Vaccine: X","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136225000257","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term mortality risk in COVID-19 survivors. However, the risk factors for mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization in the Peruvian population are unknown. We evaluated risk factors associated with mid- and long-term mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study in survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection discharged from hospital during 2020–2023, using open data from the Ministerio de Salud, Peru. The main outcome measures were mortality among all survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection at mid-term (61 to 364 days after hospital discharge) and long-term (≥1 year after hospital discharge).

Results

Of the 97,249 COVID-19 survivors who were discharged from hospital, 523 patients died within 61 to 364 days of discharge and 219 patients died after 1 year or more since they were discharged. The older age (adjusted ratio hazards [aHR], 3.46; 95 % CI, 2.87–4.17; p < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 3.48; 95 % CI, 2.63–4.61; p < 0.001 to long-term), oxygen support (aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.30–2.07; p < 0.001 to mid-term), and the hospitalization stay of 4 to 9 days (aHR, 1.54; 95 % CI, 1.18–2.00; p = 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.04–2.58; p = 0.034 to long-term) and ≥ 10 days (aHR, 2.44; 95 % CI, 1.89–3.17; p < 0.001 to mid-term; and aHR, 2.98; 95 % CI, 1.89–4.68; p < 0.001 to long-term) were associated with increased mortality risk. Compared with the unvaccinated, administration of 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine before or after hospitalization was associated with a reduced risk of death in the mid- and/or long-term.

Conclusion

Although older age and longer hospital stay were associated with an increased risk of death after COVID-19 hospitalization in the mid- and long-term, and oxygen support increased the risk of death in the mid-term, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 reduced the risk of death.

查看原文本刊更多论文

COVID-19住院后中长期死亡危险因素：秘鲁的回顾性观察研究

最近的研究表明，COVID-19幸存者存在长期死亡风险。然而，秘鲁人口因COVID-19住院后中长期死亡的危险因素尚不清楚。我们评估了与COVID-19住院后中长期死亡率相关的危险因素。方法利用秘鲁卫生部的公开数据，对2020-2023年期间出院的SARS-CoV-2感染幸存者进行回顾性观察研究。主要结局指标为所有SARS-CoV-2感染幸存者的中期（出院后61 ~ 364天）和长期（出院后≥1年）死亡率。结果97249例出院的COVID-19幸存者中，523例在出院后61 ~ 364天内死亡，219例在出院后1年及以上死亡。高龄患者(校正比危险度[aHR]， 3.46；95% ci, 2.87-4.17；p & lt;0.001到中期；aHR为3.48；95% ci, 2.63-4.61；p & lt;0.001至长期)，氧支持(aHR, 1.64；95% ci, 1.30-2.07；p & lt;0.001 ~中期)，住院时间为4 ~ 9天(aHR, 1.54；95% ci, 1.18-2.00；P = 0.001至中期；aHR为1.64；95% ci, 1.04-2.58；p = 0.034（长期）和≥10天(aHR, 2.44；95% ci, 1.89-3.17；p & lt;0.001到中期；aHR为2.98；95% ci, 1.89-4.68；p & lt;0.001至长期)与死亡风险增加相关。与未接种疫苗的患者相比，在住院前后接种1至2剂或3至4剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗与降低中期和/或长期死亡风险相关。结论年龄越大、住院时间越长与COVID-19住院后中长期死亡风险增加有关，氧支持增加了中期死亡风险，而接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗可降低死亡风险。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊