Multifaceted applications of dye-saturated biochar: Agronomic amelioration, thermochemical valorization, and catalytic efficacy in advanced environmental remediation paradigms

Sandra Ramachandran , Anshuman Gupta , Neelaambhigai Mayilswamy , Amrita Nighojkar , Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
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Abstract

The intensifying challenge of dye-laden industrial wastewater necessitates innovative, sustainable remediation technologies to mitigate ecological and human health risks. Sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSB) has emerged as a cost-effective and versatile adsorbent, attributed to its high surface area, hierarchical porosity, and diverse surface functional groups, which facilitate superior dye adsorption under both batch and continuous flow systems. This review provides a critical evaluation of SSB's adsorption performance, elucidating mechanisms such as π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation. Regeneration methods, including thermal treatment, chemical washing, and solvent desorption, are analyzed in terms of efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, the secondary applications of dye-saturated biochar, including its use as a soil amendment to enhance microbial activity and nutrient retention, its valorization as a high-calorific energy source, and its role as a catalyst in advanced oxidation processes, are systematically explored. The review identifies key limitations, such as feedstock variability, competing ions in wastewater, and energy-intensive production processes, and proposes strategies for optimizing biochar synthesis and functionalization. By bridging laboratory-scale studies with industrial applications, this work delineates the economic and environmental viability of SSB and advances the development of scalable, sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.

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染料饱和生物炭的多方面应用:农学改良、热化学增值和在先进环境修复范例中的催化效果
染料工业废水日益严峻的挑战需要创新的、可持续的修复技术来减轻生态和人类健康风险。污水污泥衍生生物炭(SSB)由于其高表面积、分层孔隙度和多种表面官能团,在间歇式和连续流系统中都能更好地吸附染料,已成为一种具有成本效益和多功能的吸附剂。本文综述了SSB吸附性能的重要评价,阐明了π-π相互作用、静电吸引和表面络合等机制。再生方法,包括热处理,化学洗涤和溶剂解吸,分析了效率和可扩展性。此外,还系统地探讨了染料饱和生物炭的二次应用,包括作为土壤改良剂增强微生物活性和养分保留,作为高热量能源的增值,以及在高级氧化过程中作为催化剂的作用。该综述指出了主要的局限性,如原料可变性、废水中的竞争离子和能源密集型生产过程,并提出了优化生物炭合成和功能化的策略。通过将实验室规模的研究与工业应用相结合,这项工作描绘了SSB的经济和环境可行性,并推进了可扩展的、可持续的废水处理解决方案的发展。
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