Effects of nanoparticle radius and interparticle spacing on three-dimensional water-based gold nanofluid flow over a convectively heated extending sheet: A numerical study

Abstract

Applications for the impacts of nanoparticle radius and interparticle spacing on nanofluid flow using gold nanoparticles may be found in several domains, such as advanced materials, microfluidics, and thermal management. A gold nanofluid flowing on a bidirectional expanding sheet is studied in this work, considering gyrotactic microorganisms, zero mass flux, convective limitations at the border, and other significant applications. It investigates the impression of nanoparticle radius and interparticle spacing on the flow system's overall dynamics. The heat and mass flow investigation also considers the Cattaneo-Christov flux model. To investigate the nanofluid flow, the effects of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and chemical reaction are taken into consideration. The modeled equations are converted to dimension-free format using suitable variables and then solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). It has noticed as the outcome of this work that, with growth in porosity factor, inter-particle spacing factor, and magnetic factor both velocities are declined and escalated with an upsurge in nanoparticle radius. Thermal distributions have grown with increases in thermal Biot number, thermophoresis factors, and Brownian motion; but, with increases in thermal relaxation time factor, they have decreased. The greater Schmidt number, chemical reaction and mass relaxation time factors have declined the molar concentration distribution. Microorganisms' distribution of nanofluid has declined with an upsurge in bio-convective Lewis and Peclet numbers. A comparison of current work with published results has been conducted and a fine agreement has been observed amongst these results.