Comparative study on quarry waste, manufactured sand, quarry dust as river sand replacement in cement mortar: Mechanical characteristics, durability, and eco-benefit

Abstract

Masonry construction, a time-tested method, remains relevant due to its exceptional durability, strength, fire resistance, and low maintenance requirements. However, conventional practices often rely on river sand, a resource with environmental drawbacks like disrupted ecosystems and riverbed depletion. This research investigates the potential of quarry waste, manufactured sand (M-sand), and quarry dust as sustainable replacements for river sand in cement mortar. The study analyzes the impact of these alternatives on the hardened mortar's physical, mechanical, and durability properties. The results indicate that quarry waste exhibits improved water absorption and strength compared to river sand mortar, albeit with slightly reduced durability and increased density. M-sand offers lower water absorption and enhanced durability but marginally lower strength. Quarry dust, while reducing embodied energy and CO₂ emissions significantly, performs poorly in strength and durability. Quarry waste substantially reduces energy consumption and CO₂ emissions while maintaining acceptable strength and durability. Utilizing quarry by-products, M-sand, or a combination of these alternatives can minimize environmental damage caused by river sand extraction. Quarry waste is a promising option due to its improved strength, durability, and lower environmental impact than conventional river sand.