Integrated network pharmacology and experimental validation to elucidate the mechanism of celastrol in mitigating sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice

Abstract

Background

Sepsis is an acute, life-threatening condition that precipitates multiple organ failure, including acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by a complex pathophysiological process and elevated mortality rates. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid quinone derived from traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antifibrotic effects, and has demonstrated favorable safety profiles in vivo. However, the precise mechanism by which CSL contributes to sepsis-induced ALI remains to be elucidated.

Purpose

The study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which celastrol mitigates sepsis-induced ALI using network pharmacology, followed by experimental validation of its regulatory effects on sepsis-induced ALI.

Methods

Utilizing a network pharmacology analysis, the potential targets and pathways of celastrol were identified. To explore celastrol's therapeutic effects on ALI, a rat model of sepsis was induced via cecal ligation and puncture, followed by assessment through hematoxylin-eosin staining, Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting. Further investigation involved evaluating celastrol's influence on LPS-stimulated A549 and Raw264.7 cells, employing RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques.

Results

Network pharmacological analysis identified 10 core targets and 31 pathways relevant to sepsis-induced ALI, with STAT3, TLR4, HIF-1α, and NF-κB1 emerging as central targets. Animal experiments demonstrated that celastrol treatment significantly reduced lung tissue inflammation, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and RT-qPCR results, in comparison to the cecal ligation and puncture group. Notably, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, HIF-1α, STAT3, and NF-κB1 proteins and mRNA in the celastrol treatment group were significantly reduced compared to those in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group and the LPS-treated group. Additionally, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed the activation of the NF-κB pathway in vitro.

Conclusion

This study indicates that celastrol significantly suppresses the expression of inflammatory factors in sepsis-induced ALI by inhibiting the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway in both in vivo and in vitro models, highlighting its therapeutic potential for modulating inflammation. These findings provide valuable evidence for future clinical research and drug development.