Insights on the degradation mechanism of COVID-19 antiviral drug chloroquine phosphate using UV/chloramine: Kinetic, mechanistic and toxicity evaluation

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of water process engineering Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107517

Guilin He , Zeting Chen , Tuqiao Zhang , Qingyue Jiang , Yonglei Wang

{"title":"Insights on the degradation mechanism of COVID-19 antiviral drug chloroquine phosphate using UV/chloramine: Kinetic, mechanistic and toxicity evaluation","authors":"Guilin He , Zeting Chen , Tuqiao Zhang , Qingyue Jiang , Yonglei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107517","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic led to a widespread use of chloroquine phosphate (CQP), resulting in its elevated levels in the aquatic environment. UV/Chloramine has been verified as an effective treatment for the removal of emerging contaminants in drinking water and wastewater. However, there are few investigations into the roles of reactive species and the impacts of complex background matrices on the degradation of CQP through the UV/chloramine system. The degradation efficiency and mechanisms of CQP by the UV/chloramine system were systematically investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that compared to chloramine or UV treatment, the UV/chloramine system exhibits remarkable efficacy in CQP degradation. The contributions of·OH and Cl· in UV/chloramine accounting for 34.7 % and 34.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, chloramine concentration, pH, and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> promoted the degradation of CQP in the UV/chloramine system to different degrees, while the presence of humic acid and Cl<sup>−</sup> inhibits CQP degradation. During CQP degradation, ·Cl attacked CQP via N-deethylation and hydrogen abstraction, while ·OH and chloramine primarily contributed to the breaking of the C<img>N bond and deamination. In addition, the concentration of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the degradation of CQP exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease, and the highest concentrations of DBPs were significantly below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values for drinking water. The cytotoxicity demonstrates a similar trend as DBPs with initial increase followed by decrease. Moreover, the toxicity of the intermediates was gradually lower than that of CQP. In general, UV/chloramine treatment may constitute an effective approach for treating water contaminated with CQP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 107517"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of water process engineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714425005896","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a widespread use of chloroquine phosphate (CQP), resulting in its elevated levels in the aquatic environment. UV/Chloramine has been verified as an effective treatment for the removal of emerging contaminants in drinking water and wastewater. However, there are few investigations into the roles of reactive species and the impacts of complex background matrices on the degradation of CQP through the UV/chloramine system. The degradation efficiency and mechanisms of CQP by the UV/chloramine system were systematically investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that compared to chloramine or UV treatment, the UV/chloramine system exhibits remarkable efficacy in CQP degradation. The contributions of·OH and Cl· in UV/chloramine accounting for 34.7 % and 34.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, chloramine concentration, pH, and HCO₃⁻ promoted the degradation of CQP in the UV/chloramine system to different degrees, while the presence of humic acid and Cl⁻ inhibits CQP degradation. During CQP degradation, ·Cl attacked CQP via N-deethylation and hydrogen abstraction, while ·OH and chloramine primarily contributed to the breaking of the CN bond and deamination. In addition, the concentration of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the degradation of CQP exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease, and the highest concentrations of DBPs were significantly below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values for drinking water. The cytotoxicity demonstrates a similar trend as DBPs with initial increase followed by decrease. Moreover, the toxicity of the intermediates was gradually lower than that of CQP. In general, UV/chloramine treatment may constitute an effective approach for treating water contaminated with CQP.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Journal of water process engineering Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

8.60%

发文量

846

审稿时长

24 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Water Process Engineering aims to publish refereed, high-quality research papers with significant novelty and impact in all areas of the engineering of water and wastewater processing . Papers on advanced and novel treatment processes and technologies are particularly welcome. The Journal considers papers in areas such as nanotechnology and biotechnology applications in water, novel oxidation and separation processes, membrane processes (except those for desalination) , catalytic processes for the removal of water contaminants, sustainable processes, water reuse and recycling, water use and wastewater minimization, integrated/hybrid technology, process modeling of water treatment and novel treatment processes. Submissions on the subject of adsorbents, including standard measurements of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium will only be considered if there is a genuine case for novelty and contribution, for example highly novel, sustainable adsorbents and their use: papers on activated carbon-type materials derived from natural matter, or surfactant-modified clays and related minerals, would not fulfil this criterion. The Journal particularly welcomes contributions involving environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, including those which are energy-efficient, with minimal or no chemical consumption, and capable of water recycling and reuse that minimizes the direct disposal of wastewater to the aquatic environment. Papers that describe novel ideas for solving issues related to water quality and availability are also welcome, as are those that show the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. The Journal will consider papers dealing with processes for various water matrices including drinking water (except desalination), domestic, urban and industrial wastewaters, in addition to their residues. It is expected that the journal will be of particular relevance to chemical and process engineers working in the field. The Journal welcomes Full Text papers, Short Communications, State-of-the-Art Reviews and Letters to Editors and Case Studies