Semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on four-particle Ω state

Abstract

Semi-quantum does not require all users to possess full quantum capabilities, which means that semi-quantum protocols can effectively enhance the practicality of existing quantum communication protocols. In this paper, a semi-quantum dialogue(SQD) protocol based on four-particle $\Omega$ states is proposed, in which one of the dialogue parties is quantum and the other is classical. This semi-quantum dialogue protocol facilitates the exchange of classical information between two users through a series of well-defined steps. Security analysis shows that the protocol ensures no information leakage and is resistant to typical attack methods. Efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol operates with higher efficiency compared to existing alternatives. Taken together, the protocol exhibits key advantages, including high security, improved efficiency, and significant practical value for real-world applications.