Mesoporous carbon-based material from Nephelium mutabile via thermochemical pyrolysis process: Characterizations and optimization for crystal violet dye removal

IF 4.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Diamond and Related Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112226

Ali H. Jawad , Nur Elyea Balqis Ahmad Jaafar , Raja Razuan Raja Deris , Tumirah Khadiran , Ruihong Wu , Zeid A. ALOthman

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Abstract

In this study, pulasan (Nephelium mutabile) fruit peel (PUP) waste was transformed into activated carbon (PUP-AC) martial via thermochemical pyrolysis process using microwave-assisted ZnCl₂ activation. The physicochemical properties of PUP-AC were investigated using several analytical techniques including BET, XRD, pH_pzc, FTIR, and SEM-EDX. Afterward, the ability of PUP-AC to adsorb toxic organic dye namely crystal violet (CV) from aqueous environment was investigated. Thus, Box-Benken design (BBD) and the desirability function approach were applied to identify the optimal adsorption conditions for CV removal including contact time (20–180 min), pH of the solution (4–10), and PUP-AC dosage (0.02–0.1 g/100 mL). The Langmuir isotherm model is the best model that describes the adsorption isotherm data for CV dye with a maximum adsorption capacity of 225.1 mg/g at optimal desirability function conditions (PUP-AC dosage 0.097 g/100 mL and solution pH = 8.2). The mechanism of CV adsorption by the PUP-AC can be attributed to the pores filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and π-π stacking. The output of this study presents PUP as a potential precursor for producing porous activated carbon with desirable property for removing cationic dyes from an aqueous environment.

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来源期刊

Diamond and Related Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

14.60%

发文量

702

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： DRM is a leading international journal that publishes new fundamental and applied research on all forms of diamond, the integration of diamond with other advanced materials and development of technologies exploiting diamond. The synthesis, characterization and processing of single crystal diamond, polycrystalline films, nanodiamond powders and heterostructures with other advanced materials are encouraged topics for technical and review articles. In addition to diamond, the journal publishes manuscripts on the synthesis, characterization and application of other related materials including diamond-like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and boron and carbon nitrides. Articles are sought on the chemical functionalization of diamond and related materials as well as their use in electrochemistry, energy storage and conversion, chemical and biological sensing, imaging, thermal management, photonic and quantum applications, electron emission and electronic devices. The International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials has evolved into the largest and most well attended forum in the field of diamond, providing a forum to showcase the latest results in the science and technology of diamond and other carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and diamond-like carbon. Run annually in association with Diamond and Related Materials the conference provides junior and established researchers the opportunity to exchange the latest results ranging from fundamental physical and chemical concepts to applied research focusing on the next generation carbon-based devices.