Major and trace nutrient concentrations in sub-Antarctic forage fish around the Kerguelen Islands: All are not equal for nutrient recycling by top predators

Abstract

While the nutrient content of forage species is crucial to study how marine top predators release nutrients in their waste (faeces and urine) and possibly facilitate nutrient recycling at lower trophic levels of the food webs, it is poorly documented in many ecosystems. Here, we analyse the concentrations of five major nutrients, eight essential trace nutrients, and four non-essential nutrients in 34 mesopelagic and demersal forage fish species from the Kerguelen Plateau area (Southern Indian Ocean). This biogeochemically singular region benefits from natural iron (Fe) fertilisation and is an oasis for marine life in the high nutrient low chlorophyll Southern Ocean. Its nutrient dynamics have been subject to intense research for decades, but the contribution of the biota remain unexplored. Local forage fish were found to be significantly heterogeneous in their absolute nutrient concentrations, and in their relative nutrient content. Using hierarchical clustering, we showed that some species were enriched in nutrients found in limited concentrations in Southern Ocean surface waters, such as Fe and manganese (Mn), whereas others were enriched in nutrients likely limiting primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems, such as phosphorus (P) or calcium (Ca). These fish species could be major contributors to these nutrients' biological cycling in different ecosystems when consumed by predators. This functional typology further demonstrates that prey are not interchangeable. The consumption of one or another prey species modulates not only the ability of the predator to meet its requirements and exposure to contaminants, but also predator-mediated nutrient recycling. This work provides valuable baseline knowledge that can be used in studies of nutrition, nutrient dynamics, and contaminant transfer. It also paves the way for the inclusion of predator-prey relationships in local biogeochemical studies to help unravel the complex processes at work in this unique ecosystem.