The latest insights and perspectives on chitosan supplementation driving ruminant feed efficiency and sustainability

Abstract

Ruminant production faces challenges such as low feed efficiency and methane emissions, contributing to environmental issues. Feed additives, particularly chitosan, show promise in enhancing feed efficiency, reducing methane emissions, and promoting animal health. Chitosan, a bioactive compound derived from chitin found in shrimp shells and insects, enhances rumen fermentation by promoting beneficial microorganisms and inhibiting pathogens, leading to improved feed conversion efficiency. This review examines the mechanisms of chitosan action, including its ability to alter ruminal microbial populations, reduce methane production, and improve volatile fatty acids (VFAs) profiles, particularly by increasing propionic acid levels. In vitro studies show that chitosan can reduce methane emissions by up to 42 %, mainly by affecting microbial hydrogen utilization. Additionally, chitosan supplementation can enhance immune function, reduce oxidative stress, and improve production parameters such as milk yield and quality, although results vary across species and experimental conditions. Chitosan enhances meat quality by improving fatty acid profiles, notably increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels. Chitosan supplementation enhances ruminant productivity and reduces environmental impact. However, its high production cost limits economic viability for small-scale farmers. Additionally, its application requires optimization across different ruminant species to ensure consistent results. Future research should emphasize assessing long-term effects on health, meat quality, and marbling, supported by quantitative data. Developing cost-effective production methods using locally available materials is crucial. Promising alternatives like black soldier fly larvae, which are rich in chitosan (64.22 %) and sustainable, should be explored further to enhance chitosan production with focused research and practical innovations. Overall, chitosan shows significant potential as a sustainable feed additive to enhance ruminant productivity while mitigating environmental impacts.