Technology pathway to decarbonisation in the building sector based on a policy review of major economies

Abstract

Building decarbonisation is crucial to achieve the carbon neutrality targets. Although many studies have been conducted, a gap remains in the research concerning technology development and policy design. This study conducted a comprehensive review of the decarbonisation pathways proposed by the ten largest economies globally for the building sector at the national level. By synthesising the relevant literature, a systemic framework of technologies applicable to the building sector is proposed, encompassing five major categories of technologies: energy efficiency, electrification and clean heating, on-site generation and flexible utilisation, green construction materials and processes, and sufficiency in operation and maintenance. An overview of each country’s emphasis on technological development, future expectations and prevailing trends in technology deployment is summarised and discussed. Most countries' policy documents address energy efficiency, electrification, and clean heating; however, the importance of flexibility and sufficiency warrants further emphasis. The balance among different technologies, the impacts of lock-in effects, and the considerations of equity and justice in renovation processes are critical concerns for the future deployment of technologies. This study can provide a meaningful reference for the following research phase and the development of pathways to decarbonise buildings for countries worldwide.