Traditional ecological knowledge in High Mountain Asia: A pathway to climate resilience in agriculture amidst changing climates

Abstract

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) often represents centuries of empirical observation and adaptation to specific ecological conditions, which is relevant to meaningful nature-human relations. Yet, TEK is rarely taken into account. This study examines the role of TEK-based agriculture in promoting adaptation and resilience to climate change in the mountain agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. Through an extensive literature review, it identifies and synthesizes TEK-based agricultural practices, with a focus on soil and fertility management, strategies to manage agroecological disruptions and agroforestry. The findings indicate that these practices align with the climate change adaptation priorities of HKH countries, particularly in developing water- and nutrient-efficient crop cultivation systems and enhancing soil organic matter. While TEK-based agricultural methods can support regional climate change adaptation and resilience, the alteration or loss of traditional practices due to socio-economic factors may worsen the impacts of climate change. Therefore, recognizing and validating TEK within regional and local adaptation frameworks are essential for maintaining the resilience of traditional agriculture in the HKH region.