Impact of military activity on atmospheric aerosol characteristics in Ukraine and Kyiv city

Abstract

We investigate the impact of the Russian invasion and military activities on aerosol parameters and air quality in the atmosphere over Kyiv and Ukraine. This study analyzes changes in pollutants such as black carbon, particulate matter PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, and sulfates (SO₂ and SO₄) using MERRA-2 reanalysis data. Black carbon concentration surged in eastern and western Ukraine during pre-invasion times, attributed to industrial emissions and solid fuel heating. During invasion, black carbon levels decreased overall, except in conflict-affected areas like Kyiv and southeastern regions, reflecting reduced industrial activities in the battle region. Similarly, PM_2.5 levels increased in eastern conflict zones, correlating with military intensity. Shifts in SO₂ and SO₄ concentrations indicated increased emissions in southeastern Ukraine due to military activities and infrastructure damage. Also, this research aims to analyze aerosol properties using AERONET data. Sun photometer observations reveal changes in the annual dynamics of the Ångstrom exponent, with lower values observed in 2022 and a decrease in the fine aerosol fraction. Analysis of the aerosol complex refractive index and single scattering albedo indicate a shift in the dominant aerosol type present in the atmosphere in 2022–2024. According to the GRASP algorithm, a significant increase in the black carbon fraction was registered in 2022. Air contamination in Kyiv through PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in 2021 and 2022 revealed substantial increases during critical conflict periods attributed to military actions. Despite initial declines just after the invasion, PM levels remained elevated compared to pre-invasion years, indicating ongoing air quality challenges exacerbated by war-related factors.