Carlos E. Escárcega-González , Eduardo Hernández-Cuellar , Fabián D. Ruiz Esparza-Juárez , Jesús Chávez-Reyes
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
The sea urchin embryo model has become a classic model for studying the harmful effects of heavy metals and the molecular responses associated with exposure to these pollutants. In this context, several biochemical pathways have been associated with exposure to heavy metals in sea urchin embryos, such as autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, activation of heat shock proteins, and induction of metallothioneins. These biochemical pathways are activated or altered in embryos after exposure to heavy metals; therefore, this review provides a comprehensive literature exploration, summarizing the main biochemical changes observed in sea urchin embryos following exposure to certain heavy metals, such as cadmium, gadolinium, arsenic, manganese, zinc, mercury, copper, nickel, and lead.
期刊介绍:
Drawing from a large number of disciplines, Reproductive Toxicology publishes timely, original research on the influence of chemical and physical agents on reproduction. Written by and for obstetricians, pediatricians, embryologists, teratologists, geneticists, toxicologists, andrologists, and others interested in detecting potential reproductive hazards, the journal is a forum for communication among researchers and practitioners. Articles focus on the application of in vitro, animal and clinical research to the practice of clinical medicine.
All aspects of reproduction are within the scope of Reproductive Toxicology, including the formation and maturation of male and female gametes, sexual function, the events surrounding the fusion of gametes and the development of the fertilized ovum, nourishment and transport of the conceptus within the genital tract, implantation, embryogenesis, intrauterine growth, placentation and placental function, parturition, lactation and neonatal survival. Adverse reproductive effects in males will be considered as significant as adverse effects occurring in females. To provide a balanced presentation of approaches, equal emphasis will be given to clinical and animal or in vitro work. Typical end points that will be studied by contributors include infertility, sexual dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, malformations, abnormal histogenesis, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, behavioral abnormalities, and perinatal mortality.