Green Catalysis: Water as a Sustainable Medium in Organocatalyzed Reactions

Abstract

The use of organocatalysts has increased significantly in recent years due to their tremendous applications in green solvents. Thus, using water as a solvent has evolved as a critical factor. Organocatalysts are efficient and sustainable agents for promoting chemical reactions in water. The literature has been extensively reviewed, and the use of various organocatalysts for three fundamental C–C bond-forming processes─the Aldol, Michael, and Mannich reactions in aqueous media─have been compiled in this study. Organocatalysts can overcome the limitations of conventional organic solvents by achieving high reaction rates and regioselectivity in water. This Review highlights the advantages of organocatalysts in aqueous media for these key reactions. It discusses the principles behind designing effective organocatalysts, focusing on their impact on selectivity, sustainability, and reaction efficiency. This study also summarizes the most significant advancements in sustainable organic reactions over the past decade.