Dual-active Li‖Te–Bi liquid metal batteries with enhanced coulombic efficiency and cycling stability†

Abstract

Tellurium (Te), a chalcogenide with higher electrical conductivity than sulfur (S) and selenium (Se), can be made into liquid metal batteries with high energy density. The Te–Bi alloy positive electrode inhibits Te dissolution and enhances lithium diffusion, which further improves the coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of lithium batteries. Due to the dual-activity mechanism, Li‖Te₅Bi₅ achieves ∼100% capacity utilization. Our results highlight a viable strategy for advancing high-voltage LMBs, providing an option for achieving long-life stationary energy storage solutions.