Associations between air pollution and surrounding greenness with internalizing and externalizing behaviors among schoolchildren.

IF 6.8 3区医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS

Child and Adolescent Mental Health Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI:10.1111/camh.12772

Uxue Zubizarreta-Arruti, Rosa Bosch, María Soler Artigas, Judit Cabana-Domínguez, Natalia Llonga, Pau Carabí-Gassol, Valeria Macias-Chimborazo, Laura Vilar-Ribó, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Mireia Pagerols, Raquel Prat, Cristina Rivas, Èlia Pagespetit, Júlia Puigbó, Gemma Español-Martín, Bruno Raimbault, Antonia Valentín, Jordi Sunyer, Maria Foraster, Mireia Gascón, Miquel Casas, Marta Ribasés, Silvia Alemany

{"title":"Associations between air pollution and surrounding greenness with internalizing and externalizing behaviors among schoolchildren.","authors":"Uxue Zubizarreta-Arruti, Rosa Bosch, María Soler Artigas, Judit Cabana-Domínguez, Natalia Llonga, Pau Carabí-Gassol, Valeria Macias-Chimborazo, Laura Vilar-Ribó, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Mireia Pagerols, Raquel Prat, Cristina Rivas, Èlia Pagespetit, Júlia Puigbó, Gemma Español-Martín, Bruno Raimbault, Antonia Valentín, Jordi Sunyer, Maria Foraster, Mireia Gascón, Miquel Casas, Marta Ribasés, Silvia Alemany","doi":"10.1111/camh.12772","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background: Air pollution and greenness are emerging as modifiable risk and protective factors, respectively, in child psychopathology. However, research shows inconsistencies. Here, we examined associations between air pollution and surrounding greenness with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. In addition, the potential modifying role of the genetic susceptibility for these traits and socioeconomic status (SES) was explored.Methods: This population-based study included 4485 schoolchildren aged 5-18 years from Spain. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Average air pollution (NO2, PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse, and PM2.5 absorbance) and surrounding greenness (NDVI within 100-m, 300-m, and 500-m buffers) school exposure were estimated for 12 months before outcome assessment. Genetic liability was assessed by computing polygenic risk scores (PRS) and SES was calculated using the Hollingshead Four-Factor Index. Associations were analyzed using negative binomial mixed-effects models.Results: Although no associations survived multiple testing, we found that increases of 5.48 μg/m3 in PM10 and 2.93 μg/m3 in PMcoarse were associated with a 6% (Mean Ratio (MR) = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.12) and a 4% (MR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.09) increase in internalizing behavior scores. A 0.1 increase in NDVI within a 100-m buffer was associated with a 6% decrease in externalizing behavior (MR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89-0.99). Neither differences by sex or age, or moderation effects by PRS or SES, were observed.Conclusions: We found preliminary evidence of detrimental effects of air pollution on internalizing behavior and protective effects of greenness on externalizing behavior, which were not modified by sex, age, SES, or genetic liability. If confirmed, these results reinforce the need for improving air quality, especially around schools, as part of preventive strategies focused on childhood psychopathology.","PeriodicalId":49291,"journal":{"name":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12772","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PEDIATRICS","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Air pollution and greenness are emerging as modifiable risk and protective factors, respectively, in child psychopathology. However, research shows inconsistencies. Here, we examined associations between air pollution and surrounding greenness with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. In addition, the potential modifying role of the genetic susceptibility for these traits and socioeconomic status (SES) was explored.

Methods: This population-based study included 4485 schoolchildren aged 5-18 years from Spain. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Average air pollution (NO₂, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, PM_coarse, and PM_2.5 absorbance) and surrounding greenness (NDVI within 100-m, 300-m, and 500-m buffers) school exposure were estimated for 12 months before outcome assessment. Genetic liability was assessed by computing polygenic risk scores (PRS) and SES was calculated using the Hollingshead Four-Factor Index. Associations were analyzed using negative binomial mixed-effects models.

Results: Although no associations survived multiple testing, we found that increases of 5.48 μg/m³ in PM₁₀ and 2.93 μg/m³ in PM_coarse were associated with a 6% (Mean Ratio (MR) = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.12) and a 4% (MR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.09) increase in internalizing behavior scores. A 0.1 increase in NDVI within a 100-m buffer was associated with a 6% decrease in externalizing behavior (MR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89-0.99). Neither differences by sex or age, or moderation effects by PRS or SES, were observed.

Conclusions: We found preliminary evidence of detrimental effects of air pollution on internalizing behavior and protective effects of greenness on externalizing behavior, which were not modified by sex, age, SES, or genetic liability. If confirmed, these results reinforce the need for improving air quality, especially around schools, as part of preventive strategies focused on childhood psychopathology.

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Child and Adolescent Mental Health PEDIATRICS-PSYCHIATRY

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

3.30%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH) publishes high quality, peer-reviewed child and adolescent mental health services research of relevance to academics, clinicians and commissioners internationally. The journal''s principal aim is to foster evidence-based clinical practice and clinically orientated research among clinicians and health services researchers working with children and adolescents, parents and their families in relation to or with a particular interest in mental health. CAMH publishes reviews, original articles, and pilot reports of innovative approaches, interventions, clinical methods and service developments. The journal has regular sections on Measurement Issues, Innovations in Practice, Global Child Mental Health and Humanities. All published papers should be of direct relevance to mental health practitioners and clearly draw out clinical implications for the field.