Early evening outdoor biting by malaria-infected Anopheles arabiensis vectors threatens malaria elimination efforts in Zanzibar.

IF 2.4 3区医学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Malaria Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI:10.1186/s12936-025-05333-6

Bakar Khatib, Juma Mcha, Zamzam Pandu, Makame Haji, Makame Hassan, Huba Ali, Ramla Mrisho, Kali Abdallah, Ali Ali, Khadija Ali, Talib Said, Safia Mohamed, Humphrey Mkali, Said Mgata, Stella Makwaruzi, Michael Gulaka, Geofrey Makenga, Sigsbert Mkude, Victoria Githu, Victor Mero, Naomi Serbantez, Sarah-Blythe Ballard, Adeline Chan, Shija Joseph Shija, Nicodem J Govella

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: The Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme relies on insecticide-treated nets as the principal vector control method, supplemented by reactive focal indoor residual spraying. Despite the success, local malaria transmission persists, and the underlying reasons for sustained transmission remain unclear, yet critical to optimizing vector control for elimination. Entomological characterization of transmission dynamics was conducted to identify the gaps with existing interventions and opportunities for complementary interventions.

Methods: Adult malaria vectors were collected monthly for two consecutive nights at ten sentinel sites (6 Unguja, 4 Pemba) from October 2022 to September 2023. Hourly indoor and outdoor human landing catch method was used for collecting mosquitoes from 18:00 to 06:00 h.

Results: Anopheles arabiensis was the predominant malaria vector species across all the sentinel sites, except in the urban district of Unguja, where Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was predominant. Malaria parasite-infected An. arabiensis bites were distributed disproportionately between indoors (n = 4), 22:00 to 02:00 h, and outdoors (n = 10) earlier in the evenings, 1800 to 2100 h.

Conclusion: The outdoor catches of malaria-parasite infected mosquitoes before typical sleeping hours highlight the potential risk of human exposure to outdoor transmission.

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来源期刊

Malaria Journal 医学-寄生虫学

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

23.30%

发文量

334

审稿时长

2-4 weeks

期刊介绍： Malaria Journal is aimed at the scientific community interested in malaria in its broadest sense. It is the only journal that publishes exclusively articles on malaria and, as such, it aims to bring together knowledge from the different specialities involved in this very broad discipline, from the bench to the bedside and to the field.