Sleep and False Memory Production: The Modulating Role of Immediate Testing and Type of Retrieval.

IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
Francesca Conte, Serena Malloggi, Oreste de Rosa, Gianluca Ficca, Fiorenza Giganti, Nicola Cellini
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Abstract

Data on the effect of sleep on false memories are mixed. Here we address two methodological issues which could explain these inconsistencies: the use of free recall vs. recognition tasks and the absence of immediate testing. In a mixed design, 8 word lists from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott task were administered to a Recall (n = 20) and a Recognition Group (n = 20) at 9 AM ('Wake' condition) or 9 PM ('Sleep' condition). Immediate Testing (IT) followed the presentation of 4 out of 8 lists. Delayed Testing was performed 12 h later. A week later, participants underwent the other condition with 8 different lists. In both groups: IT performance was similar between conditions; veridical recalls were facilitated by Sleep and by IT irrespectively of condition. False memories were enhanced in Sleep vs. Wake for non-tested lists only in the Recall Group. IT affected delayed false recognition regardless of the condition, whereas its effects on delayed recall differed between conditions: in Sleep, the false recall rate was similar between tested and non-tested lists, whereas in Wake, it was higher for tested than non-tested lists. Our results confirm that sleep enhances false recalls but not false recognitions when memory is tested directly after the retention interval. Moreover, immediate testing enhances veridical memory independently of condition, whereas its effect on false recall depends on the behavioural state in which retention occurs. Therefore, immediate testing could be usefully introduced in standard sleep-memory studies, while its use should be carefully evaluated in studies on sleep and false memories.

睡眠与错误记忆的产生:即时测试和检索类型的调节作用。
关于睡眠对错误记忆影响的数据好坏参半。在这里,我们解决了两个可以解释这些不一致的方法问题:使用自由回忆与识别任务和缺乏即时测试。在混合设计中,研究人员在上午9点(“清醒”状态)或晚上9点(“睡眠”状态)将迪斯-罗迪格-麦克德莫特任务中的8个单词列表分配给回忆组(n = 20)和识别组(n = 20)。即时测试(IT)遵循8个列表中的4个。延迟测试在12小时后进行。一周后,参与者用8个不同的列表接受另一种情况。在两组中:不同条件下的IT表现相似;无论在何种情况下,睡眠和信息技术都能促进真实记忆。在睡眠和清醒状态下,只有在回忆组中,非测试列表的错误记忆得到了增强。无论在什么情况下,它都会影响延迟的错误识别,而它对延迟回忆的影响在不同的情况下是不同的:在睡眠状态下,测试列表和未测试列表的错误回忆率相似,而在清醒状态下,测试列表的错误回忆率高于未测试列表。我们的研究结果证实,当记忆在保持间隔后直接进行测试时,睡眠会增强错误的回忆,但不会增强错误的识别。此外,即时测试增强了独立于条件的真实记忆,而它对错误回忆的影响取决于保留发生的行为状态。因此,在标准的睡眠-记忆研究中可以有效地引入即时测试,而在睡眠和错误记忆的研究中应该仔细评估它的使用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of Sleep Research
Journal of Sleep Research 医学-临床神经学
CiteScore
9.00
自引率
6.80%
发文量
234
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Sleep Research is dedicated to basic and clinical sleep research. The Journal publishes original research papers and invited reviews in all areas of sleep research (including biological rhythms). The Journal aims to promote the exchange of ideas between basic and clinical sleep researchers coming from a wide range of backgrounds and disciplines. The Journal will achieve this by publishing papers which use multidisciplinary and novel approaches to answer important questions about sleep, as well as its disorders and the treatment thereof.
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