Inflammatory biomarkers and adverse outcome in COVID-19: Prelude for future viral pandemics.

Abstract

Background: Dysregulated inflammatory response plays a key role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The role of inflammatory markers to predict adverse clinical outcome is still controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of inflammatory markers with disease outcomes independent of the effect of age and co-morbidities.

Materials and methods: This is a retrospective analysis of COVID-19 patients admitted at a dedicated COVID center from July 2020 to Mar 2022. Clinical characteristics and inflammatory markers namely serum Ferritin levels, CRP, D-Dimer levels, serum LDH and IL-6 Levels were studied. The following outcome parameters were collected: disease severity at onset and outcome (discharge/death).

Results: 48.4% of the of 244 COVID-19 cases included had severe disease while 51.6% had moderate disease. Mean age was 61.3 ± 14.17 years and 71.7% were males. Primary Hypertension (48.4%) and Diabetes Mellitus (39.3%) were the most common co-morbidities. Increasing age, smoking, and alcohol consumption were associated with severe disease. CRP, D-dimer, and IL-6 were independent risk factors for disease severity while CRP, D dimer, LDH, Ferritin, and NLR (Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio) were independent predictors of disease mortality. D-dimer was the most sensitive (95.8%) and specific (92.2%) marker to predict disease severity and serum LDH was the most sensitive (74.7%) to predict disease mortality at baseline.

Conclusion: Measurement of inflammatory markers might assist clinicians in predicting disease severity and prognosis of COVID-19. This may serve as a benchmark to understand the role of inflammatory markers in other diseases associated with dysregulated inflammatory response.