Nanomaterials ROS: A Comprehensive Review for Environmental Applications

Abstract

Nanomaterials have garnered significant attention for their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), offering transformative solutions for environmental remediation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis and recent advancements in ROS generation mechanisms catalyzed by advanced nanostructures, including metal oxides, two-dimensional materials, perovskites, and hybrid composites. Key applications, such as wastewater purification, air purification, and degradation of persistent pollutants, are explored, demonstrating the unparalleled potential of these materials in addressing pressing environmental challenges. Techniques for detecting ROS, such as electron spin resonance (ESR), fluorescence probes, and spectrophotometry, are critically reviewed, highlighting their role in evaluating catalytic efficiency and understanding ROS dynamics. Special attention is given to design innovations, including heterojunction engineering and upconversion-based systems, which enhance light absorption, charge separation, and catalytic activity across the spectrum. Despite substantial progress, challenges such as scalability, long-term stability, cost-efficiency, and environmental compatibility persist. To address these issues, the review emphasizes the importance of green synthesis approaches and lifecycle assessments as pivotal strategies for future development. By synthesizing state-of-the-art advancements and identifying key research gaps, this review underscores the potential of nanomaterials to revolutionize ROS-mediated environmental remediation while setting a roadmap for sustainable innovation.