GmAKT1-mediated K+ absorption positively modulates soybean salt tolerance by GmCBL9-GmCIPK6 complex

Abstract

Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. However, salt stress poses a major challenge to soybean growth and productivity. Therefore, unravelling the complex mechanisms governing salt tolerance in soybean is imperative for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant varieties to improve yield. Maintaining intracellular Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis is one of the key factors for plant salt tolerance. Although some salt tolerance mechanisms involving Na⁺ exclusion have been well identified in plants, few studies have been conducted on how K⁺ influx controls soybean salt tolerance. Here, we characterized the function of soybean K⁺ channel gene GmAKT1 and identified GmCBL9-GmCIPK6 complex, which modulated GmAKT1-mediated K⁺ uptake under salt stress. Functional studies found that soybean lines GmAKT1 overexpressing increased K⁺ content and promoted salt tolerance, while CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of GmAKT1 soybean lines decreased the K⁺ content and showed salt sensitivity. Furthermore, we identified that GmCIPK6 interacted with GmAKT1 and GmCBL9 interacted with GmCIPK6. In addition, Mn²⁺-Phos-tag assays proved that GmCIPK6 could phosphorylate GmAKT1. This collaborative activation of the GmCBL9-GmCIPK6-GmAKT1 module promoted K⁺ influx and enhanced soybean salt tolerance. Our findings reveal a new molecular mechanism in soybeans under salt stress and provide insights for cultivating new salt-tolerant soybean varieties by molecular breeding.