Comparison of Osteogenic Differentiation of Anodized Gradually and Nongradually Surface-Roughened Novel Implant Surfaces by 3D Cell Culture: In Vitro Study.

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of gradually and nongradually surface-roughened dental implants with identical macro designs and anodized surface topography on osteogenic differentiation in vitro in 3D cell culture.

Materials and methods: This study compared two groups of implants: (1) gradually (TiUltra) and (2) nongradually (TiUnite) anodized implant surfaces. Mouse-derived bone marrow stem cells (MSCs) were cultivated up to passage three. Subsequently, the GelXA BONE bioink (Cellink), which had been homogeneously combined with the cells, was transferred into polylactic acid cages that had been previously rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline. To assess cell viability and proliferation, metabolic activity was measured. The adhesion of cells was evaluated through the use of a DNA-binding probe. The expression of osteogenic differentiation genes was analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis on days 7, 14, and 21. The osteogenic gene expression markers were type 1 collagen, fibronectin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OSP), and osteocalcin (OC), with β-actin serving as the housekeeping gene.

Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in cell viability and proliferation values. Nevertheless, the qPCR values for osteogenic differentiation markers were notably elevated in the TiUltra group compared to both the TiUnite group and the control group (P < .05). ALP values were significantly lower in the TiUltra group (P < .05).

Conclusions: It can be concluded that the TiUltra surface demonstrated higher osteogenic gene expression than the TiUnite surface. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required.