Factors Affecting the Diet and Activity Budget of Wild Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)

IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY
Yangkai Ru, Jilai Zhao, Paul A. Garber, Wenbo Li, Huijuan Pan
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Abstract

Behavioral and dietary flexibility allow primates to effectively exploit resources that fluctuate in time and space. Here we examined monthly variation in the diet and activity budget of a wild nonprovisioned group of Tibetan macaques inhabiting Mt. Huangshan, China. From October 2022 to September 2023, we recorded the behavior of a group of wild macaques and collected data on food availability, temperature, rainfall, and day length. We found that over a 12-month period, the Tibetan macaques fed on 109 plant species. The main food types consumed were fruits (54.5%), leaves (24.3%), seeds (7.7%), stems (6.5%), flowers (4.0%), and buds (2.5%). Tibetan macaques were found to target fruits as a main resource during months in which fruits were most abundant. During months when fruits were scarce, they increased their consumption of leaves, seeds, and stems. The top three plant species each month accounted for 70.7% of total feeding time indicating that their foraging effort focused on a small number of highly productive plant species each month. The Tibetan macaque daily activity budget was dominated by feeding (3.98 h or 33.7%) and resting (3.81 h or 32.8%), followed by traveling (2.40 h or 20.9%) and socializing (1.45 h or 12.6%). When time spent feeding on leaves increased, the Tibetan macaques experienced a significant increase in time spent resting and a significant decrease in time spent feeding. In addition, during the months of December and January, pine seeds were found to be an important food for Tibetan macaques. It is possible that increasing lipid consumption during the cold winter months serves to offset the additional costs of thermoregulation. Our results indicate that Tibetan macaques flexibly adjusted their diet and activity patterns in response to monthly variation in temperature, rainfall, and food availability across a range of forest types in east-central China.

Abstract Image

野生藏猕猴(Macaca thibetana)饮食和活动预算的影响因素
行为和饮食的灵活性使灵长类动物能够有效地利用随时间和空间变化的资源。在这里,我们研究了居住在中国黄山的一群野生藏猕猴的饮食和活动预算的月度变化。从2022年10月到2023年9月,我们记录了一组野生猕猴的行为,并收集了食物供应、温度、降雨量和昼长等数据。我们发现在12个月的时间里,西藏猕猴以109种植物为食。主要食物类型为水果(54.5%)、叶子(24.3%)、种子(7.7%)、茎(6.5%)、花(4.0%)和芽(2.5%)。藏猕猴在水果最丰富的月份以水果为主要食物来源。在水果匮乏的几个月里,它们增加了对叶子、种子和茎的消耗。月食时间前3位的植物种类占总取食时间的70.7%,表明月食时间主要集中在少数高产植物种类上。藏猕猴日活动预算以进食(3.98 h,占33.7%)和休息(3.81 h,占32.8%)为主,其次是旅行(2.40 h,占20.9%)和社交(1.45 h,占12.6%)。当进食树叶的时间增加时,西藏猕猴的休息时间显著增加,进食时间显著减少。此外,在12月和1月,松树种子被发现是西藏猕猴的重要食物。在寒冷的冬季,增加脂质消耗可能有助于抵消体温调节的额外成本。我们的研究结果表明,在中国中东部的一系列森林类型中,藏猕猴灵活地调整了它们的饮食和活动模式,以响应温度、降雨量和食物供应的月度变化。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
8.30%
发文量
103
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The objective of the American Journal of Primatology is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and findings among primatologists and to convey our increasing understanding of this order of animals to specialists and interested readers alike. Primatology is an unusual science in that its practitioners work in a wide variety of departments and institutions, live in countries throughout the world, and carry out a vast range of research procedures. Whether we are anthropologists, psychologists, biologists, or medical researchers, whether we live in Japan, Kenya, Brazil, or the United States, whether we conduct naturalistic observations in the field or experiments in the lab, we are united in our goal of better understanding primates. Our studies of nonhuman primates are of interest to scientists in many other disciplines ranging from entomology to sociology.
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