2D – layer of graphene oxide incorporated with transition metal atoms of MnSnO2 for the electrochemical detection of anti-androgen drug nilutamide in environmental samples

Abstract

The Bi-metallic nanocomposite of MnSnO₂ combined with graphene oxide (GO) is used for the electrochemical detection of the anti-androgen drug Nilutamide (NLT). The material is synthesized via hydrothermal methods and can be calcined for structural and morphological analysis. Upon incorporation with GO, the material’s electrocatalytic performance and electrical conductivity are enhanced. Physical characterization of MnSnO₂@GO is performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine crystal structure and plane, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) for functional group identification, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze oxidation states of elements. Morphological studies are conducted using Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The electrochemical sensor detects NLT, with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showing a linear range of 0.01–965 µM, a sensitivity of 0.01 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², and a low detection limit of 0.098 µM. NLT detection is also tested in real samples, including food.