Thermally Darcy-Forchheimer flow of tri-hybrid nanomaterials with temperature-dependent fluid characteristics

Abstract

Trihybrid nanofluids (THNF) are prepared by combining three distinct types of nanoparticles in a regular fluid to improve the heat efficiency of fluid in several fields, including electronics cooling, solar energy, heat exchangers, automobile radiators, biomedicine, and solar power systems. Further, Darcy-Forchheimer flow through porous materials is widely used in distinct industrial and manufacturing processes, such as waste storage, foam and ceramics, oil purification, food processing, and many others. In line with this, explore the heat transfer characteristics of the magnetized ternary hybrid nanofluid flow of the Darcy-Forchheimer model over a porous shrinking horizontal cylinder incorporating variable thermal conductivity, thermal radiation and Joule heating with first-order velocity and thermal slip conditions. The leading equations are reform into dimensionless notation by using the application of similarity transformations. We altered a non-dimensional set of ordinary differential equations using the numerical method, namely MATLAB function bvp4c. Graphical and tabular analyses are carried out for the emergent variables against drag friction, heat transportation rate, flow field, and thermal distribution. Dual solution obtained under specific ranges of several physical factors. The major outcome reveals that drag friction efficiency of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is more superior than that of the hybrid nanofluid and simple nanofluid. Histrogram analysis also reveal that friction force improved with the increment in tri-hybrid nanofluid for stable branch solution. The variation in the velocity slip factor increases the velocity field. Furthermore, heat transport rate boosts with the variation of suction factor. Additionally, thermal distribution is also enhanced with an increment in the thermal slip parameter and variable thermal conductivity factor. This model of tri-hybrid nanofluid with stretching (shrinking) cases has numerous daily life applications such as X-ray process, bundle wrapping, cooling of thermal reactors, tumor therapy, hot roll, laser diodes, heat exchangers, cooling of gadgets, nuclear fusion, sheet material extrusion, polymer production, pharmaceuticals, sheet material extrusion, computer chips, aluminum bottles manufacturing, turbine blades, hybrid vehicles, and many others.