Enhancing the properties and performance of ground nut shell biocomposites using compatibilizers and flame retardants

IF 3.8 4区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI:10.1002/vnl.22180

Vijaykumar Guna, Desmond Daniel Chin Vui Sheng, C. B. Mohan, Narendra Reddy

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Composites developed from inexpensive, renewable, sustainable, and abundant bioresources such as groundnut shells (GNS) do not have the adequate properties required for commercial applications. Hence, most of the biocomposites developed from agricultural wastes or biomass are not used for practical applications. In this study, we have demonstrated that the addition of compatibilizers and flame-resistant chemicals considerably enhances and makes the properties of GNS-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites suitable for commercial applications. One maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and two acrylic-based compatibilizers (ABC1 and ABC2) were chosen and added into the composites in different proportions (1% to 5%). Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used to increase the flame retardancy of the composites. Ratio of reinforcement and matrix and composite forming conditions were also changed to achieve maximum benefits, and composites containing up to 80% GNS were developed. Tensile strength showed a good increase of 48%, whereas modulus showed a decrease of 35% with the addition of ABC2. However, the flexural strength and modulus of the composites increased with the addition of even 1% MAPP. The mechanical properties of the composites decreased when excess (5%) compatibilizer was used, probably due to agglomeration or an increase in incompatibility. Adding 3% of APP significantly improves both the flammability rating, LOI, and thermal properties. The highest flame resistance rating of V0 was obtained for both ratios, with the LOI increasing by about 40% and the conductivity decreasing marginally from 0.982 to 0.808 W/mK. Further, reduction in water absorption and hence increase in durability were also possible.

Highlights

GNS are major byproducts with limited use.
Composites made from GNS have poor mechanical and performance properties.
Addition of compatibilizers leads to substantial improvement in properties.
Excellent thermal and flame resistance is imparted by APP.
GNS composites are suitable for building, automotive, and other applications.

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利用增容剂和阻燃剂增强花生壳生物复合材料的性能

由廉价、可再生、可持续和丰富的生物资源如花生壳（GNS）开发的复合材料不具备商业应用所需的足够性能。因此，大多数从农业废物或生物质中开发的生物复合材料没有用于实际应用。在这项研究中，我们已经证明了增容剂和阻燃化学品的添加大大提高了gns增强聚丙烯（PP）复合材料的性能，并使其适合商业应用。选择一种马来化聚丙烯（MAPP）和两种丙烯酸基增容剂（ABC1和ABC2），以不同比例（1% ~ 5%）添加到复合材料中。采用聚磷酸铵（APP）提高复合材料的阻燃性。通过改变增强剂与基体的配比和复合材料的成型条件，获得了GNS含量高达80%的复合材料。ABC2的加入使材料的抗拉强度提高了48%，而模量降低了35%。然而，即使MAPP添加量为1%，复合材料的抗弯强度和模量也有所增加。当使用过量（5%）的相容剂时，复合材料的力学性能下降，可能是由于团聚或不相容的增加。添加3%的APP可显著提高可燃性等级、LOI和热性能。两种配比下的阻燃等级V0最高，LOI增加了约40%，电导率从0.982略微下降到0.808 W/mK。此外，还可以减少吸水率，从而提高耐久性。GNS是主要的副产品，用途有限。由GNS制成的复合材料具有较差的力学性能和性能。增容剂的加入使性能有了很大的改善。优异的耐热性和阻燃性由APP赋予。GNS复合材料适用于建筑，汽车和其他应用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology 工程技术-材料科学：纺织

CiteScore

5.40

自引率

14.80%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology is a peer-reviewed technical publication for new work in the fields of polymer modifiers and additives, vinyl polymers and selected review papers. Over half of all papers in JVAT are based on technology of additives and modifiers for all classes of polymers: thermoset polymers and both condensation and addition thermoplastics. Papers on vinyl technology include PVC additives.