Metalations on 2,2′-bipyridine-functionalized metal–organic frameworks for catalytic platforms

Abstract

2,2′-Bipyridine (BPY) is a versatile organic ligand, well known for its strong metal-chelating properties, which make it a crucial component in coordination chemistry. When integrated into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), BPY significantly enhances the material's properties, particularly in catalysis, due to its ability to coordinate with a wide range of metal ions. This review focuses on the metalation of BPY-incorporated MOFs (MOF-BPYs), with an emphasis on the coordination of secondary metal cations at BPY sites. The metals are categorized into first-, second- and third-row transition metals, and other metals, highlighting key examples such as Pd, Mo, Cu, and Fe. The synergistic interactions between the metal centers and the MOF framework, which contribute to the enhanced catalytic performance of MOF-BPYs, are explored in detail. The review also addresses mixed-metal systems, emphasizing their unique properties and applications. Furthermore, strategies for metalation, including the pre-functionalization of BPY prior to MOF synthesis and post-synthetic modification, are critically examined. Finally, the stability of parent MOFs—particularly Zr-based frameworks, known for their robustness—is discussed in relation to the overall performance of MOF-BPY materials.