Comprehensive review on glioblastoma: nanotechnology, immunotherapy and combined therapeutic approaches

Ashish Dhiman, Yagni Shah, Dhwani Rana and Kalpna Garkhal
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Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most dangerous type of brain cancer because of spontaneous microvascular growth, which leads to damage to nearby brain tissues. GBM affects a huge population across the globe and current therapies for GBM have not proven fruitful in past decades due to poor clinical prognosis. The slow progression of GBM makes it difficult to track during diagnosis for treatment. Thus, there is a need to develop some cutting-edge drug delivery platforms, which could overcome the challenges faced in the delivery of current therapeutic drugs. Nanotechnology has been an emerging paradigm to unravel promising drug therapies, be they immunotherapy or combination therapy. The surface modification of nanocarriers led to significant improvements in therapeutic aspects of GBM. The surface-modified entities could be monoclonal antibodies, functional peptides, growth inhibitors, folic acid, transferrin, or lectins. Immunotherapeutic interventions, such as vaccines, oncolytic virotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR T-cell and N-k cell therapies, are rising as a treatment model for GBM. Future research must elaborate on remedies that can encounter problems with current treatment. However, numerous research studies are underway to explore new treatments. The current review reveals potential future therapies to challenge the issues faced in the treatment of GBM. Nanotechnology-based drug carriers, surface modification of nanocarriers for enhanced drug delivery to GBM and immunotherapeutic approaches are enlisted. The review also discusses multi-modal approaches to tackle resistance and others issues related to monotherapy.

Abstract Image

胶质母细胞瘤的综合综述:纳米技术、免疫治疗和联合治疗方法
多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是最危险的脑癌类型,因为其自发的微血管生长会导致附近脑组织的损伤。GBM影响全球大量人群,由于临床预后差,目前的治疗方法在过去几十年中并未证明富有成效。GBM的缓慢进展使其在诊断和治疗过程中难以追踪。因此,有必要开发一些尖端的药物输送平台,以克服当前治疗药物输送面临的挑战。纳米技术已经成为揭示有前途的药物治疗的新兴范例,无论是免疫治疗还是联合治疗。纳米载体的表面修饰导致了GBM治疗方面的显着改善。表面修饰的实体可以是单克隆抗体、功能肽、生长抑制剂、叶酸、转铁蛋白或凝集素。免疫治疗干预,如疫苗、溶瘤病毒疗法、免疫检查点抑制剂、CAR - t细胞和N-k细胞疗法,正在成为GBM的治疗模式。未来的研究必须详细阐述当前治疗方法可能遇到的问题。然而,许多研究正在探索新的治疗方法。目前的综述揭示了潜在的未来治疗方法,以挑战治疗GBM所面临的问题。以纳米技术为基础的药物载体、纳米载体的表面修饰以增强对GBM的药物递送和免疫治疗方法。该综述还讨论了多模式方法来解决耐药性和其他与单药治疗相关的问题。
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